Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases through indel-differentiated proteins

ABSTRACT

A compound capable of specifically binding to pathogen EF-1α but not host EF-1α, wherein the compound binds to any part of an amino acid sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to amino acids 240-230 of SEQ ID NO:22.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention is related to the field of treatment and diagnosis of infectious disease pathogens

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Despite advances in the treatment, infectious diseases remain a significant factor in worldwide mortality and morbidity. Mortality has risen and the emergence and re-emergence of diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Ebola virus, hantavirus, and tuberculosis demonstrate that the dangers of infectious disease are not static. The role of infectious disease in the etiology of diseases once believed to be non-infectious is only now being recognized. For example, the causative agent of peptic ulcers was only recently discovered to be a bacteria species termed Helicobacter pylori. Medical advances against infectious disease have also been hindered by changes in the patient population. The most susceptible group of individuals to infectious disease are immuno-compromised as a result of immuno-suppressant treatment for organ transplant, individuals undergoing chemotherapy, or most notably those infected by HIV.

The principle agent behind biological weapons is infectious disease. The bacteria Bacillus anthracis has appeared on World Health Organization lists for bioterrorism agents, and it has been reported that 50 kg of the bacillus released up wind of a city of 500,000 would result in over 95,000 fatalities and the incapacitation of 125,000 individuals. Smallpox, Yersinia pestis (plague), Francisella tularensis (tularemia), and viral hemorrhagic agents such as Ebola and Marburg viruses are also potential biological weapons.

While treatment for many infectious diseases does exist, rapid and simple diagnostics are needed in order to avoid death or significant complications. Unfortunately the majority of detection methods rely on microscopic visualization and culturing of the pathogen in order to obtain enough phenotypic data to differentially diagnose the infectious disease. These methods are imprecise, time consuming, and rely on highly-trained laboratory personnel. Other methods and systems that exist for diagnosis of some pathogens include: biological signals (unique or toxic components of a microorganism are differentiated from the normal physical environment); detection systems (used to sense a signal and discriminate between the signal and background noise; a detector can range from a trained set of eyes to sensitive electronic instruments designed to detect immunofluorescence, chemiluminescence, light absorbance, flame ionization detection, etc); and, amplification (techniques include polymerase chain reaction, which is able to detect and amplify sufficient unique pathogen DNA or RNA to allow for sensitive analysis and discrimination).

By way of example, protozoan pathogens are responsible for a wide variety of infectious diseases, typically tropical in nature. These pathogens exist as intracellular parasites in a host and include organisms that appear to be protozoan in nature such as Pneumocystis. An example of such protozoan pathogens is the genus Leishmania, which causes a spectrum of tropical and subtropical diseases known as the leishmaniases. Leishmania live as either extracellular, flagellated promastigotes in the digestive tract of their sand fly vector or as non-flagellated amastigotes within macrophages, where they survive and replicate within phagolysosomes. During both the innate and acquired immune responses, macrophages respond to extracellular signals to become activated for enhanced antimicrobial activity. This is a critical step in elimination of intracellular pathogens by the host. However, leishmania and other intracellular pathogens have developed mechanisms to interfere with cell signaling pathways, thereby preventing macrophages from becoming effectively activated [1;2]. As a result, these organisms are able to survive and successfully multiply within the otherwise hostile intracellular milieu of macrophages.

L. donovani is the major causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis. This disease is progressive and often fatal if untreated. Macrophages infected with L. donovani show a phenotype of impaired cell signaling and cell deactivation. For example, interferon-□ signaling through the Jak-Stat1 pathway [3] and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling leading to iNOS induction and c-FOS expression are attenuated in leishmania infected cells [4]. This phenotype is reversed in cells that are incubated with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor sodium orthovandate prior to infection [4]. The Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of leishmania infections [4-7]. In particular, SHP-1 has been shown to become activated in leishmania infected cells [4;6] and leishmania infection is attenuated under conditions of SHP-1 deficiency [7]. Moreover, it has recently been shown that the conventional anti-leishmanial agent used (sodium stibogluconate) is an inhibitor of SHP-1 [8].

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Until this invention, conserved proteins were not viewed as markers for infectious diseases or as therapeutic targets. Assays for the conserved protein would be expected to reveal the presence of host protein as a false positive result. Since conserved proteins are usually essential to both host and pathogen, targeting a conserved protein with a therapeutic agent would be expected to be deleterious to the host. An example of such a protein is elongation factor alpha (EF-1α). EF-1α is a conserved protein in all cells, whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic, whose function involves the assembly of polypeptides from amino acids based upon the translation of mRNA by ribosomes. EF-1α, or close homologue, shepards amino-acyl-tRNA molecules to the ribosomal complex attached to an mRNA strand, where the amino-acyl-tRNA is loaded onto the ribosome A-site following hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by EF-1α. Without EF1-α, protein synthesis ceases, as does cell viability. The basis of this invention involves the detection or identification of indel (insertion/deletion) sequences between otherwise conserved proteins present both in host and in infectious pathogens. An indel is defined herein as an insertion or deletion of 4 or more consecutive amino acids. As an insertion, an indel may form a secondary or tertiary structure upon protein folding and thereby may overly in whole or in part a region of the protein that is termed herein an “indel complementarity region”. The indel complementarity region is exposed on a homologous conserved protein that lacks the insertion. Thus there exists between conserved proteins with noted indels, regions that are differentially displayed between host and pathogen that serve as the basis for diagnostic testing and treatment of a particular infectious disease.

For purposes of this invention, an infectious pathogen is an organism that infects a host and a host is an organism that an infectious pathogen is capable of infecting. Such pathogens include parasites and disease causing microorganism pathogens such as protozoa, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Hosts include higher organisms infected by such pathogens (including plants and animals), and of particular importance in the use of this invention are mammalian hosts, including humans.

Conserved proteins for purposes of this invention have at least 70% sequence identity as determined by suitable algorithms, including BLAST (National Center for Biotechnology Information, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Preferably, conserved proteins for the purposes of this invention have greater than 70% sequence identity and more preferably, will exhibit sequence identity equivalent to or approximately equivalent to any integer from 71-99. Examples of preferred sequence identities between conserved proteins, generally from least to more preferable are: about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90 and greater than 90%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A. Multiple Alignment of peptide sequence of the EF-1α (EF) from L. donovani (L. don) [Accession #AF416379]; L. brazileinsis (L. braz) [Accession #U72244]; Trypanosome brucei (T. bruc) [Accession #P41166]; and Homo sapiens [Accession # P04720]. The human sequence contains 12 extra amino acids compared with the EF-1α from trypanosomatids (capital letters in box). Important amino acid changes between human EF-1α and EF-1α from the trypanosomatids (bold letters and highlighted in gray), include the replacement of glycine and valine in human EF-1α at positions 151 and 152 with two cysteines in each trypanosomatid EF-1α. Two ITIM motifs, sites for binding to SH2-domain-containing proteins are shown in bold and italic letters. Motifs typical of GTP binding proteins are underlined and sites of post-translational modification are shown bold with larger font.

FIG. 1B. Multiple alignment of partial EF-1α peptide sequences from different protozoan sources. This drawing demonstrates high degree of homology (no less than 70%) between EF-1α proteins from divergent origins. The symbol (*) indicates identical amino acids. The symbol (˜) indicates amino acids with similar properties. The last line of the drawing sets out an aligned human partial sequence and the location of the indel sequence following amino acid 212 present in the human but not in the protozoan protein. The following are the species and accession numbers for the protozoan sources referred to in the Figure:

-   -   D14342 Giardia lamblia     -   AF416379 Leishmania donova     -   AJ224154 Plasmodium     -   U71180 Cryptosporidium parvum     -   L76077 Trypanosoma cruzi     -   M92073 Entamoeba histolytica

FIG. 2. Molecular modeling of human and pathogen EF-1α. Modeling of the structure of leishmania EF-1α was done using the SwissPDB Viewer™ package (11) combined with the Molecular Operation Environment (MOE™) software package (Version 2001.01, Chemical Computing Group, Inc., Montreal, Canada) as described below. Homology templates used for modeling were retrieved from the Expasy™ server (www.expasy.ch). Shown are structures for EF-1α from human (A) and L. donovani (B) with location of indel (hairpin insert) indicated in an oval for (A) and the indel complementarity region for (B).

FIG. 3. Peptide sequence of chimeric indel. The “indel” portion is for selective binding to pathogenic EF-1α protein and is based on SEQ ID NO:26. The “recruitment” position is for ubiquitination.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention includes methods for detecting, characterizing, testing, or assaying moieties for specific binding to indel differentiated proteins. This includes methods for determining whether a putative specific binding moiety binds to a pathogenic homologue, but not to a host homologue. This may be done in vitro or by computer implemented modeling. For example, a first three-dimensional model of a pathogenic indel differentiated protein or part of the protein representing an indel complementarity region (should the indel be a deletion) or the indel itself (should it be present as an insertion), and a second three-dimensional model of a putative specific binding moiety may be used whereby positioning both three-dimensional models to form a third three-dimensional model of a specific binding complex may be performed allowing one to determine whether a binding complex is favourable (for example, without unacceptable hindrances such as steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic hindrances). The latter method may also be used for designing a specific binding moiety for pathogenic indel differentiated proteins whereby a three-dimensional model of a putative specific binding moiety is altered to optimize binding between said moiety and said indel differentiated protein.

This invention also includes moieties capable of specific binding to pathogenic indel differentiated proteins and complexes of such moieties with a pathogenic protein. By “specific binding” it is meant that the moiety is capable of preferentially binding to a pathogenic indel differentiated protein, and not to a host homologue. Preferably such a moiety will exhibit substantially or essentially no binding to the host homologue. Specific binding moieties of this invention may be chemical moieties designed to bind with contact residues in the indel complementarity region, or the indel itself, depending on the presence or absence of the indel on the identified pathogenic indel differentiated protein. Such moieties may be peptides or non-peptide molecules. Such moieties may be antibodies or antibody fragments capable of binding to the antigenic determinant of an indel complementarity region or the indel itself, depending on the presence or absence of the indel on the identified pathogenic indel differentiated protein.

Compounds of this invention may bind specifically to an indel complementarity region on a pathogen protein and disrupt its function, particularly a virulence function, without interfering with essential function of a host homologue. Such compounds are useful as therapeutics. In addition, compounds that bind to a pathogen homologue, but not to a host homologue can be used for diagnostic tests. Such therapeutic and diagnostic compounds include antibodies, peptides, proteins and small molecule compounds.

This invention also includes diagnostic systems which may include a detection system that is able to amplify a signal from a small number of pathogens to an observable threshold. An example could be, but not limited to, an enzyme linked immunological sandwich assay (ELISA) whereby homologous proteins are bound to a fixed, non-differentiated antibody, and a second indel differentiated antibody detects the presence of the pathogen, indel differentiated protein. The indel differentiated diagnostic test could also be based on a variety of proteomic assays such as, but not limited to, protein chips, substrate assays (enzyme attached to binding moiety that converts substrate to detectable compound), or purification.

The invention provides methods of characterizing indel differentiated proteins between pathogen and host, which proteins are otherwise conserved and share a high degree of homology. In pathogen indel differentiated proteins lacking an indel, the indel complementarity region is targeted for development of a moiety that displays specific binding to that region. In pathogen indel differentiated proteins containing an indel, the indel itself is targeted for development of a moiety that displays specific binding to that region. Such moieties are useful as diagnostic and therapeutic compounds and in the making of such compounds.

By way of example, a pathogenic form of EF-1α from protozoan sources is characterized herein. Host (e.g. human) EF-1α contains a 12 amino acid insertion upon its surface, whereas EF-1α from pathogens does not. The pathogen EF-1α contains an indel complementarity region which is otherwise covered or masked by the insertion in host EF-1α. Thus there is a significant region of differentially exposed amino acids in the pathogen protein in comparison to the human protein. Based upon the results shown in the Examples below, and the known phylogeny of protozoan and protozoan-like organisms, pathogens that lack the aforementioned indel in EF-1α include: leishmania (agent of leishmaniasis), Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi (respective agents of sleeping sickness and Chagas disease), cryptosporidium (agent of cryptosporidiosis), entamoeba (agent of amebiasis), Giardia (agent of giardiasis), plasmodium (agent of malaria), Toxoplasma gondi (agent of toxoplasma), and Pneumocystitis carinis (an agent of pneumocystitus).

Pathogen EF-1α is now shown to play at least two essential roles, these being the regulation of protein synthesis and as a virulence factor. A virulence factor renders a host cell permissive for infection and may possess one or more of the following: a component of a pathogen that when deleted specifically impairs virulence but not viability; a microbial product that permits a pathogen to cause disease; a component of a pathogen that damages the host; or an effector molecule that 1) produces changes in target cells outside of the organism itself, 2) is found only in pathogenic species or variety of the organism, and 3) is located on the surface of the organism or is secreted by the organism.

The 12 amino acid EF-1α indel forms a hairpin loop structure on the surface of the human homologue that is closely opposed to the main-body of the protein and is further stabilized by ionic interactions between several highly charged amino acids residues on both the indel and the main body. The indel complementarity region comprises the highly charged amino acids on the main body of the pathogen EF-1α protein, which is otherwise concealed in host cells by the presence of the indel. This region is a unique specific site to which binding moieties will bind to pathogen EF-1α, but not the corresponding host EF-1α homologue. Such specific binding moieties include antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, proteins and small molecule compounds.

This invention includes methods for identifying, detecting, characterizing, testing or assaying EF-1α proteins which include determining whether a protein having homology to EF-1α binds SHP-1; or, determining whether such an EF-1α protein comprises an EF-1α indel as described herein, including an indel having 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or greater than 90% sequence identity to the human EF-1α indel described herein, or forms a structure such as an anti-parallel β structure (including a hairpin loop) that shields an indel complementarity region, wherein absence of such an indel is indicative of pathogenicity. These methods may be performed, for example, by assaying for SHP-1 binding and/or activation as described herein, or by sequencing (actual or predicted) and comparison of such sequence to pathogenic EF-1α sequences, including those pathogenic sequences disclosed herein from protozoa.

This invention includes methods for identifying, detecting, testing or assaying moieties for specific binding to pathogenic EF-1α or an ability to modulate the activity of pathogenic EF-1α, which methods include determining whether a putative specific binding moiety binds to a pathogenic EF-1α and not to human EF-1α (or binds to said pathogenic EF-1α to a greater extent than the human form); or, utilizing a first three-dimensional model of a pathogenic EF-1α indel complementarity region and a second three-dimensional model of a putative specific binding moiety, positioning both said three-dimensional models to form a third three-dimensional model of a specific binding complex and determining whether said binding complex is favourable (for example, without unacceptable hindrances such as steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic hindrances). The latter methods may also be used for designing a specific binding moiety for pathogenic EF-1α wherein a three-dimensional model of a putative specific binding moiety is altered to optimize binding between said moiety and said indel complementarity region. The indel complementarity region may comprise regions of contiguous amino acids from the following regions of leishmania EF-1α or from corresponding (homologous) regions of another pathogenic EF-1α (for example, as shown in FIG. 1). Examples of regions of contiguous amino acids from indel complementarity regions of the pathogens shown in FIG. 1 are as follows.

Leishmania donavi (accession AAL08019, gi:15788964)

amino acids 215–224 TLLDALDMLE (SEQ ID NO: 1) amino acids 186–194 EKVRFIPIS (SEQ ID NO: 2) amino acids 158–168 KTVTYAQSRYD (SEQ ID NO: 3)

Trypanosoma cruzi (accession JC5117, gi:2133383) or Trypanosoma brucei

amino acids 215–224 TLLEALDMLE (SEQ ID NO: 4) amino acids 186–194 EKVRFIPIS (SEQ ID NO: 5) amino acids 158–168 KSVNFAQERYD (SEQ ID NO: 6)

Cryptosporidium parvum (accession AAC47526, gi:1737177)

amino acids 211–221 TLVEALDTMEP (SEQ ID NO: 7) amino acids 182–190 EKIPFVAIS (SEQ ID NO: 8) amino acids 154–164 DTCEYKQSRFD (SEQ ID NO: 9)

Plasmodium flaciparum (accession CAD52691, gi:23615699)

amino acids 213–222 TLIEALDTME (SEQ ID NO: 10) amino acids 184–192 DKVDFIPIS (SEQ ID NO: 11) amino acids 156–166 DTVKYSEDRYE (SEQ ID NO: 12)

Entamoeba histolytica (accession AAA29096, gi:158939)

amino acids 213–222 TLIGALDSVT (SEQ ID NO: 13) amino acids 184–192 DKIPFVPIS (SEQ ID NO: 14) amino acids 156–166 DAIQYKQERYE (SEQ ID NO: 15)

Giardia intestinalis (accession BAA03276, gi:285802)

amino acids 196–205 CLIDAIDGLK (SEQ ID NO: 16) amino acids 167–175 EEFDYIPTS (SEQ ID NO: 17) amino acids 138–148 GQVKYSKERYD (SEQ ID NO: 18)

The specific binding moiety may be capable of binding with, or such binding may be optimized to occur with one or more contact residues such as any of the following amino acids from the leishmania EF-1α indel complementarity region, or a similarly placed charged or polar amino acid from another pathogenic EF-1α indel complementarity region.

Glutamate (E) 186

Lysine (K) 187

Arginine (R) 189

Aspartate (D) 218

Aspartate (D) 221

Methionine (M) 222

Glutamate (E) 224

The aforementioned methods may additionally comprise one or more of: synthesizing a specific binding moiety, and combining a specific binding moiety with a pathogenic indel differentiated protein. These methods may further comprise methods of detecting, characterizing, testing or assaying binding of a moiety to a pathogen protein.

This invention also includes moieties capable of specific binding to pathogen EF-1α, including those described in the Examples. The moieties are capable of preferentially binding to pathogen EF-1α as compared to human EF-1α. Preferably, such a moiety will exhibit substantially no binding to human EF-1α. Such binding moieties may be employed in assays for EF-1α and as specific targeting ligands (e.g. for labeling or directing a further moiety to the location of EF-1α). In some embodiments, such moieties modulate an activity of EF-1α, including the activity of pathogen EF-1α in protein translation in the pathogen; activity as a pathogen virulence factor, and/or binding or activation of SHP-1. Specific binding moieties of this invention may be chemical moieties designed to bind with contact residues in the indel complementarity region as defined herein. Such moieties may be peptides or non-peptide molecules. Such moieties may be antibodies or antibody fragments capable of binding to an antigenic determinant of an indel complementarity region. In addition, specific binding moieties of this invention may shield the indel complementarity region without directly binding to said region. Specific binding moieties of this invention include therapeutic moieties for treatment of infections by organisms possessing pathogenic EF-1α, in particular protozoan organisms. Accordingly, this invention includes the use of such therapeutic moieties in treatment and provides pharmaceutical compositions and formulations comprising specific binding moieties of this invention together with one or more acceptable pharmaceutical carriers.

This invention also includes methods for modulating the activity a pathogen protein as defined herein comprising contacting the protein with a specific binding moiety capable of modulating a function of the protein but not the host homologue. The contacting may be done by expressing the binding moiety in a cell through use of a recombinant expression vector. Preferably, said modulation comprises antagonism of a pathogenic activity, including one or more of: pathogen protein translation, pathogenic virulence, SHP-1 binding and/or activation.

The “unshielded” indel complementarity region of pathogen EF-1α, which is concealed by a hairpin loop in the human protein, contains several highly polar residues with exposed side chains. Small molecules and peptides may be designed (using conventional modeling techniques and available software) to specifically bind to this unshielded region. Such a specific binding moiety will have a binding site containing one or more binding elements, which may be one or more chemical groups capable of forming a hydrogen or ionic bond or participate in a hydrophobic interaction with one or more contact residues in the unshielded region of EF-1α. Preferably, two or more such bonds and/or interactions will exist. The aforementioned bonds may exist between a group on the specific binding moiety and atoms in the polypeptide backbone or in an amino acid side chain at the unshielded region, in the presence of or the absence of water molecules between the binding moiety and the unshielded region. Preferably, the distance between a binding element in the moiety and a contact residue will be 5 Angstroms or less, more preferably from 1-4 or from 2-3 Angstroms. Preferably, a contact residue will be selected from one or more amino acids in the unshielded region, capable of forming a hydrogen bond or which have polar side chains, such as amino acids corresponding to one or more of Asp^(218 or 221), Glu^(186 or 224), Met²²², Lys¹⁸⁷ and Arg¹⁸⁹ of leishmania EF-1α. The specific binding moiety may have the capacity of binding other regions of EF-1α by hydrophobic or polar interactions, particularly with the regions corresponding to amino acids 182-191 and 226-236 of yeast EF-1α (such as Leu¹⁸⁴) or amino acids 158-168, 186-194, and 215-224 of leishmania EF-1α. The atomic coordinates of EF-1α as set out in Table 4 below may be used to design the three-dimensional shape and thus composition of the specific binding moiety. A formation of binding of such a moiety to the unshielded region of pathogenic EF-1α may be construed by computer modeling or by x-ray crystallography of EF-1α with and without the bound moiety (e.g. see: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,524 and 6,168,928).

In addition to small molecules/peptides, specific binding moieties according to this invention may be antibodies or antibody fragments including single chain antibodies, specific for the unshielded region of pathogen EF-1α or which otherwise specifically bind to the pathogen form. Antibodies and antibody fragments may be generated by well known techniques, including those exemplified herein.

The specific binding moieties described above may cause a change in function of pathogenic EF-1α (e.g. by affecting SHP-1 binding or by affecting EF-1α's role in protein translation) or the moiety may simply bind with specificity to the pathogenic form. In the latter instance, the moiety may be used as a targeting ligand in assays for the label or pathogenic form (e.g. with a radiolabel or other moiety which facilitates detection) or as a targeting ligand for therapeutic moieties that themselves bring about an affect on the pathogenic protein. In the case of a moiety that binds but does not inhibit the protein synthesis function or the virulence factor properties of EF-1α, alternative strategies may be used to therapeutically target the pathogen. An example is the use of intracellular trafficking to destroy the pathogen EF-1α protein. A specific example of such a strategy is one which utilizes aspects of the ubiquitin pathway responsible for the majority of protein turnover within a eukaryotic cell.

Typically ubiquitin is ligated to proteins targeted for destruction and serves as a marker for transport to lysosomes and subsequent proteolysis. Both strategies take advantage of the capacity of a synthetic indel peptide based upon the human EF-1α sequence to selectively bind the exposed epitopes available on the surface of leishmania EF-1α, but not on the human protein. The synthetic indel could contain either a terminal signal for ubiquitination or the protein sequence for ubiquitin. One of the ubiquitination complexes that has been well characterized governs the turnover of IκBα, the inhibitor of NFκB. NFκB controls expression of many genes associated with inflammation. The protein IκBα is recruited to the ubiquitination complex by virtue of a 10 amino acid sequence (hereafter referred to as ‘recruitment peptide’) that is phosphorylated in response to inflammatory signals [32]. Thus, at the onset of inflammation upon infection, the inhibitor to inflammatory gene expression is destroyed, and upregulation of NF-κB controlled genes expression occurs and the recruitment peptide is activated. The recruitment peptide may be added onto the C-terminal of a specific binding moiety as described above which may be the actual 12 amino acid indel, joined by an amino acid to the recruitment peptide (see FIG. 3). The chimeric indel may be delivered to leishmania infected macrophages using either liposomes or a protein targeting reagent such as Profect-1™. Leishmania viability in macrophages may be monitored and compared to control treated cells (introduction of an irrelevant peptide sequence of identical size and linked to the recruitment peptide).

An alternative strategy uses expression of a recombinant peptide comprised of an N-terminal ubiquitin sequence and a C-terminal indel peptide. The C-terminal sequence of ubiquitin may be mutated from a glycine to an alanine to prevent cleavage of the ubiquitin protein [33]. The cDNA for human ubiquitin may be amplified by PCR from a human cDNA library using specific 5′ and 3′ oligonucleotide primers to facilitate cloning of the ubiquitin gene into the prokaryotic expression vector pBlueBac4.5/V5-His Transfer Vector (Invitrogen), permitting expression in an insect cell line. The 3′ oligonucleotide will contain the appropriate mutation to convert the glycine⁷⁶ codon to alanine. The nucleic acid coding sequence for the indel may be synthesized as two complementary oligonucleotides and ligated in frame with the ubiquitin gene to allow for expression of a recombinant ubiquitin-indel protein. Purified ubiquitin-indel protein may be delivered to leishmania infected macrophages as described above for chimeric proteins, followed by assessment of parasite survival.

Pure EF-1α may be expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system and purified by affinity chromatography. A full length L. donovani EF-1α gene may be PCR amplified using oligonucleotide primers, which contain restriction endonuclease sites to facilitate ligation into a baculovirus expression vector. A baculovirus system is preferable over prokaryotic expression systems [42] since EF-1α protein appears to undergo post-translational modifications, including methylation of lysine residues and glycerolphosphoryl-ethanolamine additions, not possible in bacteria. Human EF-1α may also be cloned, expressed, and purified using this methodology. By way of example, L. donovani EF-1α-EK-His coding sequence may be sub-cloned into the pBlueBac4.5™ expression vector (Invitrogen) and cotransfected with the Bac-N-Blue vector (Invitrogen) into Sf9 insect cells and the viral supernatant harvested at day three. Plaque assays may be performed to isolate pure virus that will be screened by PCR to identify recombinant virus. High titer virus stocks will be prepared and used to infect Sf9 insect cells for high level expression of L. donovani EF-1α [42]. Cell lysates may be prepared and the rEF-1α purified by affinity chromatography using ProBond columns (Invitrogen). After elution, rEF-1α may be treated with enterokinase (enteropeptidase) (New England Biolabs) to remove the His tag, purified by FPLC gel exclusion chromatography and used for functional analysis. Affinity purified, baculovirus-expressed EF-1α may be incubated with GST-SHP-1 to examine its ability to bind to and activate the enzyme by phosphatase assay as described above. Synthetic phosphopeptides derived from the primary sequence of the two ITIMs of EF-1α, including five amino acids on either side of each, may be biotin conjugated and used to bind to and activate SHP-1 in vitro. These peptides may be compared with peptides in which tyrosine has been replaced by phenylalanine. The peptides may also be employed to compete with full length EF-1α for binding to SHP-1. PCR-based, site-directed mutagenesis [42] may be used to produce full length protein in which either one or both tyrosines have been changed to phenylalanine to abolish SHP-1 binding.

Crystals of leishmania and human EF-1α may be grown following known protocols for yeast EF-1α crystallization. Crystals of leishmania and human EF-1α may be grown by the hanging drop method, for example by combining equal volumes (2 μl) of the protein stock and mother liquor (e.g. 20% polyethylene glycol 8000, 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 6.5) at room temperature. Crystals may be subjected to vitrification in 30% polyethylene glycol 8000, 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 6.5 and 15% glycerol using liquid propane. Diffraction data may be collected, for example by using a Mar345 Image Plate detector with osmic mirrors mounted on a Rigaku RU-200 rotating anode x-ray generator. Data may be processed using HKL programs. Molecular replacement may be performed using CCP4 software, and subsequent refinement of the model may be done using the CNS program. An alternative expression system for the synthesis of recombinant proteins in leishmania may also be used [34-37], followed by purification and x-ray crystallography.

Bioinformatic programs [38-41] may be used to screen the conformations of known small molecules for potential fit within a pathogen indel or indel complementarity region such as that of leishmania EF-1α. In addition, potential binding moieties may be incubated in solution with EF-1α protein crystals, and the complementarity region once more defined by crystallography to determine fit of the therapeutic molecule.

EXAMPLES

Detection and Characterization of Pathogen and Host Indel-Differentiated Proteins

Reagents, Chemicals and Cell Lines

RPMI 1640, Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) and protease inhibitors (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, pepstatin A, and leupeptin) and calmodulin-agarose were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). Medium 199 was from Gibco-BRL (Grand Island, N.Y.). The RAW 264.7 cell line was from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies, protein G-agarose and electrophoresis reagents and supplies were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, Calif.). Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents were from Amersham International (Oakville. Ontario, Canada). Preparation of the GST-SHP-1 construct, its expression and purification has previously been described [9]. Pre-treatment sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients were kindly provided by Clarisa Palatnik-de-Souza and Cristina Vidal Pessolani, Laboratorio de Hanseniase, Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Total cell lysates of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma cruzi were provided by T. W Pearson, Department of Biochemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.

L. donovani

Amastigotes of the Sudan strain 2S of L. donovani were maintained by serial intra-cardiac inoculation of amastigotes into female Syrian hamsters. Amastigotes were isolated from the spleens of hamsters infected four to six weeks earlier as described previously [10]. Promastigotes were prepared by culture at room temperature of freshly isolated, spleen derived amastigotes in medium 199 supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), adenosine (1 mM), folic acid (10 μg/ml) and hemin (6 μg/ml). Promastigotes were maintained in the laboratory by transferring every third day in medium 199 containing supplements as described above. Organisms in stationary growth phase (day five containing approximately 50×10⁶ per ml) were used.

Cell Culture

The murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO₂).

Cloning of L. donovani EF-1α cDNA

Total RNA was isolated from stationary phase L. donovani promastigotes using TRIzol™ reagent (Gibco-BRL) according to the manufacturer's instructions followed by treatment with RNase free DNase. Five micrograms of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA with Maloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Gibco-BRL) and oligo d(T)₈ primers. PCR was used to amplify EF-1α from total cDNA. Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used in PCR amplifications were as follows: sense, 5′-ACCATGGGCAAGGATAAGGTG-3′ (L. braziliensis) SEQ ID NO:19; and antisense 5′-CTTCTTCGCAGCCTTCG-3′ (L. braziliensis) SEQ ID NO:20. Thirty cycles were run for 1 min each at 94° C., 1 min at 55° C., and 3 min at 72° C. followed by a 10 min extension at 72° C. Upon completion of the amplification, the PCR product was analyzed by ethidium bromide staining in agarose gels. The product of correct size was sub-cloned into a TA™ cloning vector (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Plasmids from three independent clones were sequenced (DNA Sequencing Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Canada).

Infection of RAW Cells with L. donovani

Exponentially growing RAW 264.7 cells were infected with either stationary phase promastigotes or freshly isolated amastigotes at parasite-to-cell ratios of approximately 10:1. After incubation at 37° C. for two hours, non-internalized parasites were removed by washing with HBSS. To determine the rate of infection, cytospin preparations were prepared from dislodged cells and stained with Diff-Quik™.

Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting.

L. donovani promastigotes in stationary phase were collected by centrifugation and washed twice with Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4 and immediately processed for immunoprecipitation. For immunoprecipitation of EF-1α, parasites were lysed on ice in lysis buffer [50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 1% Triton X-100™, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 5 mM NaF, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 10 μg aprotinin/ml, 10 μg leupeptin/ml, and 2 μg of pepstatin A/ml]. Cell lysates were clarified by centrifugation in a microcentrifuge at maximum speed for 20 min at 4° C. The resulting supernatants were incubated with anti-EF-1α antibodies for 16 to 18 h at 4° C. Protein G-agarose was then added for 2 h at 4° C. for recovery of immune complexes. After extensive washing, immune complexes were released by boiling agarose beads in SDS-sample buffer without β-mercaptoethanol. Samples were analyzed by 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked with 3% non-fat dry milk in phosphate buffered saline followed by incubation with anti-EF-1α antibodies. After washing, the blots were incubated with anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody and developed using the ECL detection system.

Cell Fractionation.

Stationary phase L. donovani promastigotes were collected by centrifugation and washed with Tris-buffered saline, resuspended in hypotonic fractionation buffer [10 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 5 mM NaF, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 10 μg of aprotinin/ml, 10 μg of leupeptin/ml, and 2 μg of pepstatin A/ml] and lysed by sonication. For RAW cell fractionation, exponentially growing cells were washed with HBSS and scraped into hypotonic buffer and lysed by sonication. Lysates were then centrifuged at 100,000×g at 4° C. for 20 min to separate cytosolic from particulate fractions. The resulting pellets were extracted in fractionation buffer containing 1% Triton X-100™ and 0.15 mM NaCl at 4° C. for 20 min while rotating. Suspensions were then centrifuged (100,000×g, 20 min, 4° C.) to separate Triton-soluble and insoluble material. The Triton-insoluble pellet was extracted in 2×SDS-sample buffer.

Purification of EF-1α.

Exponentially growing RAW264.7 cells or stationary phase leishmania promastigotes were washed in Hanks balanced salt solution and collected in ice cold buffer B [50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT and 20% glycerol] containing 50 mM KCl and a cocktail of protease and phosphatase inhibitors. Cells were sonicated to prepare lysates and centrifuged at 100,000×g for 20 min at 4° C. The supernatants were applied to DEAE-Sepharose columns connected to CM-Sepharose columns previously equilibrated in buffer B containing 50 mM KCl. The columns were washed with equilibration buffer until all non-bound proteins had eluted. After disconnection of the CM-Sepharose columns, bound proteins on these columns were eluted with increasing concentrations of KCl in buffer B. The fractions containing EF-1α as analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using anti-EF-1α antibodies were pooled and dialyzed overnight against buffer B without KCl. The pooled samples were applied to phosphocellulose columns and bound proteins were eluted with increasing concentrations of KCl in buffer B. The fractions were analysed for the presence of EF-1α by separation on SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting using anti-EF-1α antibodies. The fractions containing near homogeneous EF-1α (as judged by silver staining) were pooled and dialyzed overnight against buffer B.

Identification of the 56 kDa SHP-1 Binding Protein as EF-1α.

Pomastigotes (2-3×10⁹) were lysed in ice cold lysis buffer A (50 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 0.5% Triton X-100™ and 20 mM NaCl) containing a cocktail of protease inhibitors for 20 min on ice. All subsequent steps were performed at 4° C. Lysates were centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at maximum speed for 10 min and supernatants were incubated with GST-SHP-1 affinity beads with end-over-end rotation for 2 hr. [9]. After incubation, affinity beads were transferred to a column and washed extensively. Bound proteins were released with buffer A containing 0.5 M NaCl. An aliquot of partially purified SHP-1 bound proteins was subjected to SDS-PAGE (12%) followed by silver staining. Positions of SHP-1 binding proteins were determined to be about 56 kDa and about 44 kDa. An aliquot of GST-SHP-1 binding proteins, 50 μg of total detergent promastigote lysate and 50 μg of total lysate from the human carcinoma line A431 were separated on SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with anti-EF-1α. Affinity chromatography of leishmania lysates using GST-SHP-1 coupled to glutathione-sepharose showed two prominent proteins of approximate subunit size 56 and 44 kDa specifically bound to GST-SHP-1. A parallel affinity column consisting of GST-glutathione-sepharose, showed no detectable binding proteins. The 56 kDa silver stained band was excised for sequencing and tryptic peptide digests were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Eight of the peptides were found to match elongation factor 1-alpha of Leishmania braziliensis (NCBInr accession number 5834626) and covered 16.2% of the sequence. An antibody to EF-1α detected single bands of identical size in both the total leishmania lysate applied to the column and in the GST-SHP-1 affinity column eluate, thus confirming the internal protein sequence data indicating that the 56 kDa SHP-1 binding protein band contained EF-1α. This shows that leishmania EF-1α is a SHP-1 binding protein.

In Vivo Association of leishmania EF-1α with Host-SHP-1.

Leishmania promastigotes were washed three times with excess of buffer D (20 mM HEPES (pH 7.2) containing 0.15 M NaCl) to remove serum proteins. Washed promastigotes (5×10⁸/ml) were resuspended in buffer D containing 10 μg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and incubated for 4 hr. To detect the presence of EF-1α, the concentrated culture medium was separated on SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and probed with anti-EF-1α for immunoreactivity with antiphosphotyrosine antibody 4G10, and for SHP-1 activator activity by pNPP assay. Macrophages were infected with promastigotes for 14-16 hrs. Cytosolic fractions were then prepared from control and infected cells for immunoprecipitation of SHP-1. Immune complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions followed by transfer to nitrocellulose. Immunoblot analysis carried out using anti-EF-1α showed that leishmania EF-1α associated with SHP-1 in vivo, whereas the association of host-EF-1α with host SHP-1 was minimal. This shows that leishmania EF-1α is a selective SHP-1 binding protein during infection. EF-1α was purified to near homogeneity from murine macrophages and from leishmania promastigotes.

For immunoprecipitation of leishmania EF-1α, promastigotes were lysed in cold lysis buffer supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors and incubated with either anti-EF-1α or isotype-matched irrelevant mAb. Protein G-agarose was added to recover immune complexes and after washing, immune complexes were released by boiling agarose beads in SDS-sample buffer without β-mercaptoethanol. Samples were separated on 7.5% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with anti-EF-1α mAb. The same blot was reprobed with anti-phosphotyrosine mAb 4G10 and showed that the upper band of EF-1α was tyrosine phosphorylated. Macrophages were either left untreated or infected with leishmania promastigotes at an approximate parasite to cell ratio of 15:1. After overnight (16 h) incubation, control and infected cells were washed and cytosolic fractions were prepared. Cells were treated with cold hypotonic buffer (20 mM Tris pH 7.5) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors and passed through a 22-gauge needle to disrupt cells. Cell debris was removed by low speed centrifugation and cytosolic fractions were prepared by centrifuging supernatants at 100,000×g for 20 min at 4° C. The cytosolic fractions were supplemented with NaCl to a final concentration of 0.15 M and incubated with either rabbit anti-SHP-1 antibodies or normal rabbit serum for ip. Immune complexes were separated on non-reduced SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to nitrocellulose and probed with anti-EF-1α.

For binding assays, purified EF-1α from either leishmania or macrophages was incubated with 25 μl (packed volume) of glutathione-agarose beads containing equal amounts of GST-SHP-1. Binding was accomplished by mixing in 100 μl of binding buffer (50 mM HEPES [pH 7.5], 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.01% Triton X-100™ and 1% glycerol) for 2 h at 4° C. The beads were collected by centrifugation and washed four times with binding buffer. Bound EF-1α was eluted by boiling beads in Laemmli sample buffer, separated on SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting using anti-EF-1α. Binding of EF-1α to calmodulin-agarose was performed essentially as described above for GST-SHP-1 except that binding buffer contained 0.2 mM CaCl₂ instead of EDTA. Also, after incubation, non-bound proteins were removed and affinity beads were assayed for SHP-1 phosphatase activity using pNPP as a substrate. Relative phosphatase activity was assessed by measuring changes in absorbance at 405 nm.

Approximately 1 μg of purified EF-1α from leishmania or macrophages or an equivalent amount of BSA were incubated separately with Profect 1™ reagent (Targety Systems, Santee, Calif., USA) in serum free media to prepare protein-Profect-1™ complexes for delivery to macrophages (approximately 2×10⁶) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 2-3 hr of incubation, cells were lysed in buffer C (50 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 1% Triton X-100™ and 0.15M NaCl) containing a cocktail of protease inhibitors for 20 min on ice and incubated with anti-SHP-1 for 2 h end-over-end at 4° C. Immune complexes were recovered using protein A-sepharose and after extensive washing with buffer C, immune complexes were assayed for phosphatase activity using pNPP as a substrate.

Also after incubation for 2 h, macrophages into which leishmani or macrophage EF-1α was introduced were stimulated with 5U of murine interferon-γ for 5 h at 37° C. Cells were then processed for the expression of iNOS essentially as previously described [14]. The same blot was stripped and reprobed with anti-actin to control for protein loading.

Binding assays performed using the purified proteins and GST-SHP-1 glutathione-sepharose beads showed that EF-1α from leishmania bound directly and selectively to SHP-1 as comparatively little binding of host EF-1α was detected. In contrast, both leishmania and macrophage EF-1α bound directly and with similar affinities to calmodulin, a known EF-1α binding protein. This shows that the purified host EF-1α was functionally intact and also confirmed that leishmania EF-1α is a selective SHP-1 binding protein. Purified EF-1α proteins introduced into macrophages resulted in SHP-1 activation in vivo. In contrast, activation of SHP-1 was not observed when purified macrophage EF-1α or BSA were used as control proteins. Delivery of purified, native leishmania EF-1α, but not the corresponding host protein into cells blocked induction of iNOS expression in response to cell treatment with the interferon. Thus, leishmania EF-1α is able to recapitulate the deactivated phenotype of leishmania-infected macrophages. This shows that leishmania EF-1α but not the mammalian homologue is a selective activator of SHP-1 capable of inducing macrophage deactivation. EF-1α is detected as a tyrosine phosphorylated protein in promastigote growth medium in the absence of parasite lysis, indicating that it is exported. Furthermore, concentrated promastigote growth medium is able to activate SHP-1. When leishmania infected macrophages are subjected to selective lysis to preserve phagosome integrity, followed by immunoprecipitation of cytosolic SHP-1, EF-1α is identified in these complexes. Thus, these molecules do associate in vivo thereby providing an opportunity for activation of SHP-1.

Determination of Amino Acid Sequence of Pathogen EF1-α

The nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:21) and predicted amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:22) of EF-1α from L. donovani are shown in Table 1. These sequences were compared with other pathogens and with the human sequence (FIG. 1). Multiple alignment comparison showed that a high degree of homology extended through the complete sequence. The GTP-binding consensus motifs and the three lysine residues that are usually post-tranlationally modified [26-28] were found to be conserved. However, there were several important differences observed in the trypanosomatid sequences as compared to the human sequence. For example, at position 151-152 the replacement of glycine and valine in the human sequence with cysteines in the trypanosomatid sequences, suggests possible differences in folding of the proteins. Human EF-1α was found to contain a twelve extra amino acid insert when compared with the pathogen EF-1α sequences (FIG. 2). The protein sequence of L. donovani shows the presence of two previously unrecognized putative immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) as shown in italics. These specialized motifs are known to be present in signaling molecules with the capability of binding to Src homology 2 domains (SH2 domains) [12-14].

The Molecular Mass of Trypanosomatid EF-1α is Higher than Mammalian EF-1α

Initial immunoblot analysis of EF-1α in Triton X-100™ cell lysates of L. donovani promastigotes and the human carcinoma cell line A431 showed that the apparent molecular size of EF-1α of L. donovani was distinctly higher than the human homolog. To determine whether this was a specific characteristic of the leishmania protein or a more general property of the trypanosomatid family of which L. donovani is a member, Triton X-100™ cell lysates of several trypanosomatid and mammalian cell lines were separated on SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with anti-EF-1α antibodies. The apparent molecular size of EF-1α from trypanosomatids was found to be approximately 56 kDa as compared to 50 kDa for EF-1α of mammalian origin. The molecular mass of EF-1α did not change when lysates of L. donovani promastigotes were taken at different stages of growth (exponential and stationary phases).

The Sub-cellular Distribution of Pathogen EF-1α is Distinct from Macrophage EF-1α

Cytosolic, Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble fractions were prepared from L. donovani promastigotes and macrophages, separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with anti-EF-1α. In leishmania promastigotes, the majority of EF-1α was in the Triton-insoluble fraction, whereas in macrophages, EF-1α was predominantly cytosolic.

Sera from Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis Recognize leishmania, but not Host EF-1α

EF-1α was immunoprecipitated from Triton X-100™ lysates of L. donovani promastigotes using anti-EF-1α antibodies. Immune complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE under non-reduced conditions followed by transfer to nitrocellulose membranes. Immunoblot analysis was carried out using either anti-EF-1α, normal human sera or sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients. Leishmania EF-1α was recognized by sera from patients infected with L. donovani. Importantly, EF-1α immunoprecipitated from cells of the human mononuclear phagocytic cell line THP-1, was not recognized by sera from L. donovani infected patients. This shows that the primary amino acid sequence differences between leishmania EF-1α compared with human EF-1α are sufficiently distinct that corresponding structural differences contribute to the formation of epitopes in the leishmania protein that are processed and recognized by the immune system. EF-1α of leishmania was a closely spaced doublet when separated on SDS-PAGE under non-reduced conditions.

Leishmania Infection Alters the Subcellular Distribution of Both Macrophage and leishmania EF-1α.

EF-1α is known to be involved in a variety of cellular processes in addition to regulation of protein synthesis [15-18]. Macrophages were incubated with L. donovani stationary phase promastigotes for 16 to 18 h at a parasite-to-cell ratio of approximately 10:1. This resulted in infection rates of >95% with approximately four to eight promastigotes per cell. To determine the sub-cellular distribution of EF-1α in non-infected and L. donovani infected macrophages, cytosolic, Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble fractions were prepared as described above and analyzed for EF-1α by immunoblotting. In contrast to its predominant distribution in the Triton-insoluble fraction in promastigotes, leishmania EF-1α is principally cytosolic in infected macrophages. Simultaneously, infection of macrophages with leishmania results in a redistribution of host EF-1α to the cytosol, thereby increasing its overall abundance in this fraction. Similar results are obtained when cells were infected with leishmania amastigotes. The effect of leishmania infection on redistribution of EF-1α is specific, as phagocytosis by macrophages of Staphylococcus aureus do not cause redistribution of host EF-1α.

Summary

Pathogen EF-1α is a Src-homology 2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) binding and activating protein. The pathogen protein is shorter than mammalian EF-1α a by a twelve amino acid deletion but the apparent molecular mass of the pathogen protein is higher than its mammalian counterpart. There is nearly complete sequence conservation amongst EF-1α proteins from pathogens when compared to mammalian EF-1α sequences. However, the sub-cellular distributions of pathogen EF-1α and host EF-1α are strikingly different. In the pathogen, the majority of EF-1α is Triton-X100™-insoluble, whereas macrophage EF-1α is predominantly cytosolic. Infection of macrophages with the pathogen causes redistribution of host as well as pathogen EF-1α. In contrast to its predominant distribution in the Triton-insoluble fraction in promastigotes and amastigotes, pathogen EF-1α is essentially completely cytosolic in infected macrophages. In addition, infection results in further redistribution of host EF-1α to the cytosol.

TABLE 1    1 atgggcaaggataaggtgcacatgaaccttgtggtcgtcggccatgtcgacgccggcaag   M  G  K  D  K  V  H  M  N  L  V  V  V  G  H  V  D  A  G  K  20   61 tccaccgccactggccacttgatctacaagtgcggtggcatcgacaagcgcacgatcgag   S  T  A  T  G  H  L  I  Y  K  C  G  G  I  D  K  R  T  I  E  40  121 aagttcgagaaggaggccgccgagatcggcaaggcgtccttcaagtacgcgtgggtgctc   K  F  E  K  E  A  A  E  I  G  K  A  S  F  K  Y  A  W  V  L  60  181 gacaagctgaaggcggagcgcgagcgcggcatcacgatcgacattgcgctgtggaagttc   D  K  L  K  A  E  R  E  R  G  I  T  I  D  I  A  L  W  K  F  80  241 gagtcgcccaagtccgtgttcacgatcatcgatgcgcccggccaccgcgacttcatcaag   E  S  P  K  S  V  F  T  I  I  D  A  P  G  H  R  D  F  I  K 100  301 aacatgatcacgggcacgtcgcaggcggacgccgccatcctgatgatcgactcgacgcat   N  M  I  T  G  T  S  Q  A  D  A  A  I  L  M  I  D  S  T  H 120  361 ggtggcttcgaggctggcatctcgaaggacggccagacccgcgagcacgcgctgcttgcc   G  G  F  E  A  G  I  S  K  D  G  Q  T  R  E  H  A  L  L  A 140  421 ttcacgcttggcgtgaagcagatggtggtgtgctgcaacaagatggacgacaagaccgtg   F  T  L  G  V  K  Q  M  V  V  C  C  N  K  M  D  D  K  T  V 160  481 acgtacgcgcagtcgcgctacgatgagatcagcaaggaggtgggcgcgtacctgaagcgc   T  Y  A  Q  S  R  Y  D  E  I  S  K  E  V  G  A  Y  L  K  R 180  541 gtgggctacaaccccgagaaggtgcgcttcatcccgatctcgggctggcagggcgacaac   V  G  Y  N  P  E  K  V  R  F  I  P  I  S  G  W  Q  G  D  N 200  601 atgatcgagaggtcggacaacatgccgtggtacaagggtcccacgctgctggacgcgctc   M  I  E  R  S  D  N  M  P  W  Y  K  G  P  T  L  L  D  A  L 220  661 gacatgctggagccgccggtgcgcccggtggacaagccgctgcgcctgcccctgcaggac   D  M  L  E  P  P  V  R  P  V  D  K  P  L  R  L  P  L  Q  D 240  721 gtgtacaagatcggcggtatcgggactgtgcccgtgggccgcgtggagaccggcatcatg   V  Y  K  I  G  G  I  G  T  V  P  V  G  R  V  E  T  G  I  M 260  781 aagccgggcgacgtggtgacgttcgcgcccgccaacgtgacgactgaggtgaagtcgatc   K  P  G  D  V  V  T  F  A  P  A  N  V  T  T  E  V  K  S  I 280  841 gagatgcaccacgagcagctggcggaggcgcagcccggcgacaacgtcggcttcaacgtg   E  M  H  H  E  Q  L  A  E  A  Q  P  G  D  N  V  G  F  N  V 300  901 aagaacgtgtcggtgaaggacatccgccgtggcaacgtgtgcggcaactcgaagaacgac   K  N  V  S  V  K  D  I  R  R  G  N  V  C  G  N  S  K  N  D 320  961 ccgccgaaggaggcggccgacttcacggcgcaggtgatcgtgctgaaccaccccggccag   P  P  K  E  A  A  D  F  T  A  Q  V  I  V  L  N  H  P  G  Q 340 1021 atcagcaacggctacgcgccggtgctggactgccacacgagccacattgcgtgccgcttc   I  S  N  G  Y  A  P  V  L  D  C  H  T  S  H  I  A  C  R  F 360 1081 gcggaaatcgagtccaagatcgaccgccgctccggcaaggagctggagaagaaccccaag   A  E  I  E  S  K  I  D  R  R  S  G  K  E  L  E  K  N  P  K 380 1141 gcgatcaagtctggcgatgccgcgatcgtgaagatggtgccgcagaagccgatgtgcgtg   A  I  K  S  G  D  A  A  I  V  K  M  V  P  Q  K  P  M  C  V 400 1201 gaggtgttcaacgactacgcgccgctgggccgctttgccgtgcgcgacatgcggcagacg   E  V  F  N  D  Y  A  P  L  G  R  F  A  V  R  D  M  R  Q  T 420 1261 gtggccgtgggcatcatcaagggcgtgaacaagaaggagggcagcggcggtaaggtgacc   V  A  V  G  I  I  K  G  V  N  K  K  E  G  S  G  G  K  V  T 440 1321 aaggcggccgcgaaggctgcgaagaag   K  A  A  A  K  A  A  K  K 449 Molecular Modeling of EF-1α

Modeling of the structure of leishmania EF-1α was done using the SwissPDB Viewer™ package [11]. A homology template search was done in which the amino acid sequence of leishmania EF-1α (SEQ ID NO:22) in Fasta format was downloaded into the software environment of SwissPDB™. The EF-1α sequence was then submitted to the Expasy™ server (www.expasy.ch) to search against the database of proteins of known sequence. The server returned the sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EF-1α (1G7CA) as a high homology search result. Three other PDB entries (1F60A, 1IJEA, 1IJFA) corresponding to EF-1α proteins from S. cerevisiae were also identified as possible modeling templates and were used for homology modeling of L. donovani EF-1α. Also see Tables 2 and 3 for sequence identities of EF-1α as between different organisms. Table 4 shows the three-dimensional coordinates relative to the space occupied by all leishmania EF-1α atoms, for the atoms in amino acids 150-230, as generated by the Expasy™ server using the sequence from the Swiss-PDB Viewer™.

For homology modeling, the templates for 1G7C, 1F60A, 1IJEA, 1IJFA were downloaded from the ExPasy™ server and imported into SwissPDB™ program The template backbones were superimposed by using “SwissPDB|Fit|Magic Fit™” procedure. The structure of 1G7CA was used as a master template. To derive a preliminary structural estimate for EF-1α from L. donovani, the templates for 1G7C, 1F60A, 1IJEA, 1IJFA were superimposed and the sequence of the leishmania protein was fitted into the composite using “SwissPDB|Fit|Raw Sequence™” procedure. Consecutive use of procedures “SwissPDB|Fit|Magic Fit™”, “SwissPDB|Fit|Improve Fit™” and “SwissPDB|Fit|Best™” allowed the predicted structure to be improved. In order to refine this preliminary structure further, the side chains and terminal chains were modeled. This was done using the Molecular Operation Environment (MOE™) software package (Version 2001.01, Chemical Computing Group, Inc., Montreal, Canada). The homology model of leishmania EF-1α previously built by the SwissPDB Viewer™ was used as a template and the curated PDB file 1G7C from the PDB database provided with the MOE™ package was used as a second template. The 1G7C template from the curated PDB database was imported by command “MOE|File|Protein Database™” and the sequence of leishmania EF-1α and its preliminary SwissPDB™ homology model were downloaded using option “MOE|File|Open™”. The MOE™ Sequence Editor was then used for iterative sequence alignment with Gonnet substitution matrix. Secondary structure elements were not used for the sequence alignment. The MOE™ command “Seq. Editor|Homology|Align™” was used to perform the alignment. Homology modeling of leishmania EF-1α was then carried out with the highest degree of protein structure optimization. The previously derived SwissPDB™ model of the leishmania protein was used as a template. The final structure was derived as a Cartesian average of the top ten scored, non-minimized intermediate models. The estimated top ten homology models built for leishmania EF-1α were saved in MOE™ database*.mdb format to be viewed by the MOE™ database viewer called by “MOE|Open|*.mdb™”. The final 3-D structure of the protein was averaged over the top ten scoring models.

Once the refined 3-D model of the EF-1α protein from L. donovani was created, the homology modeling procedure was repeated on a modeling template of EF-1α from S. cerevisiae (PDB file 1G7CA). The modeling routine was carried out in the exact same way as previously described for L. donovanis EF-1α with all numerical parameters the same. This step was taken in order to justify the accuracy and to build terminal chains not previously modeled by the SwissPDB Viewer™. The homology model of the protein EF-1α from L. donovani created on the 1G7CA template by MOE™ resembled the SwissPDB™ model with very high accuracy. The two structures of the leishmania protein created by MOE™ on the templates of 1G7CA and of the SwissPDB™ model had a high degree of resemblance with a calculated RMSD between the two structures of 0.69A. Based upon this analysis, the 3-D structure of EF-1α from L. donovani built using MOE™ on a template of the SwissPDB™ model was accepted as final. Lastly, since EF-1α proteins from Mus musculus and Homo sapiens share 99.8% identity and have 81.1% sequence identity with 1G7C, homology modeling of these proteins was done in the same manner as for L. donovani EF-1α.

TABLE 2 The amino acid sequences set out below are: a) EF-1α from Leishmania donovani, b) EF-1α from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, c) EF-1α from Mus musculus, d) EF-1α from Homo sapiens. a) EF-1α leishmania protein MGKDKVHMNLVVVGHVDAGKSTATGHLIYKCGG (SEQ ID NO: 22) IDKRTIEKFEKEAAEIGKASFKYAWVLDKLKAE RERGITIDIALWKFESPKSVFTIIDAPGHRDFI KNMITGTSQADAAILMIDSTHGGFEAGISKDGQ TREHALLAFTLGVKQMVVCNKMDDKTVTYAQSR YDEISKEVGAYLKRVGYNPEKVRFIPISGWQGD NIERSDNMPWYKGPTLLDALDMLEPPVRPVDKP LRLPLQDVYKIGGIGTVPGRVETGIMKPGDVVT FAPANVTTEVKSIEMHHEQLAEAQPGDNVGFNV KVSVKDIRRGNVCGNSKNDPPKEAADFTAQVIV LNHPGQISNGYAPVLDCHSHIACRFAEIESKID RRSGKELEKNPKAIKSGDAAIVKMVPQKPMCVE VFNYAPLGRFAVRDMRQTVAVGIIKGVNKKEGS GGKVTKAAAKAAKK b) EF-1α YEAST MGKEKSHINVVVIGHVDSGKSTTTGHLIYKCGG (SEQ ID NO: 23) IDKRTIEKFEKEAAELGKGSFKYAWVLDKLKAE RERGITIDIALWKFETPKYQVTVIDAPGHRDFI KNMITGTSQADCAILIIAGGVGEFEAGISKDGQ TREHALLAFTLGVRQLIVAVNKMDSVKWDESRF QEIVKETSNFIKKVGYNPKTVPFVPISGWNGDN MIEATTNAPWYKGWEKETKAGVVKGKTLLEAID AIEQPSRPTDKPLRLPLQDVYKIGGIGTVPVGR VETGVIKPGMVVTFAPAGVTTEVKSVEMHHEQL EQGVPGDNVGFNVKNVSVKEIRRGNVCGDAKND PPKGCASFNATVIVLNHPGQISAGYSPVLDCHT AHIACRFDELLEKNDRRSGKKLEDHPKFLKSGD AALVKFVPSKPMCVEAFSEYPPLGRFAVRDMRQ TVAVGVIKSVDKTEKAAKVTKAAQKAAKK c) EF-1α MOUSE MGKEKTHINIVVIGHVDSGKSTTTGHLIYKCGG (SEQ ID NO: 24) IDKRTIEKFEKEAAEMGKGSFKYAWVLDKLKAE RERGITIDISLWKFETSKYYVTIIDAPGHRDFI KNMITGTSQADCAVLIVAAGVGEFEAGISKNGQ TREHALLAYTLGVKQLIVGVNKMDSTEPPYSQK RYEEIVKEVSTYIKKIGYNPDTVAFVPISGWNG DNMLEPSANMPWFKGWKVTRKDGSASGTTLLEA LDCILPPTRPTDKPLRLPLQDVYKIGGIGTVPV GRVETGVLKPGMVVTFAPVNVTTEVKSVEMHHE ALSEALPGDNVGFNVKNVSVKDVRRGNVAGDSK NDPPMEAAGFTAQVIILNHPGQISAGYAPVLDC HTAHIACKFAELKEKIDRRSGKKLEDGPKFLKS GDAAIVDMVPGKPMCVESFSDYPPLGRFAVRDM RQTVAVGVIKAVDKKAAGAGKVTKSAQKAQKAK d) EF-1α HUMAN MGKEKTHINIVVIGHVDSGKSTTTGHLIYKCGG (SEQ ID NO: 25) IDKRTIEKFEKEAAEMGKGSFKYAWVLDKLKAE RERGITIDISLWKFETSKYYVTIIDAPGHRDFI KNMITGTSQADCAVLIVAAGVGEFEAGISKNGQ TREHALLAYTLGVKQLIVGVNKMDSTEPPYSQK RYEEIVKEVSTYIKKIGYNPDTVAFVPISGWNG DNMLEPSANMPWFKGWKVTRKDGNASGTTLLEA LDCILPPTRPTDKPLRLPLQDVYKIGGIGTVPV GRVETGVLKPGMVVTFAPVNVTTEVKSVEMHHE ALSEALPGDNVGFNVKNVSVKDVRRGNVAGDSK NDPPMEAAGFTAQVIILNHPGQISAGYAPVLDC HTAHIACKFAELKEKIDRRSGKKLEDGPKFLKS GDAAIVDMVPGKPMCVESFSDYPPLGRFAVRDM RQTVAVGVIKAVDKKAAGAGKVTKSAQKAQKAK

TABLE 3 Pair wise percentage residue identity between sequences of EF-1α proteins from four organisms. EF1α EF11_HU 1G7C.A AAH0406 EF-1α 100.0 75.5 75.0 75.5 (Leishmania donovani) EF11_HUMAN 77.7 100.0 81.1 99.8 (Homo sapiens) 1G7C.A 73.5 77.3 100.0 77.3 (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) AAH0406 77.7 99.8 81.1 100.0 (Mus musculus)

TABLE 4 ATOM 1064 N ALA 140 15.361 36.882 35.423 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1065 CA ALA 140 15.421 35.447 35.623 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1066 C ALA 140 14.226 34.895 36.396 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1067 O ALA 140 13.576 33.915 35.991 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1068 CB ALA 140 16.736 35.081 36.326 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1069 N PHE 141 13.804 35.577 37.436 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1070 CA PHE 141 12.675 35.123 38.269 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1071 C PHE 141 11.407 35.122 37.432 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1072 O PHE 141 10.620 34.173 37.459 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1073 CB PHE 141 12.498 36.060 39.459 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1074 CG PHE 141 11.343 35.588 40.306 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1075 CD1 PHE 141 11.503 34.488 41.158 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1076 CD2 PHE 141 10.111 36.249 40.241 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1077 CE1 PHE 141 10.431 34.050 41.945 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1078 CE2 PHE 141 9.038 35.809 41.027 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1079 CZ PHE 141 9.199 34.710 41.879 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1080 N THR 142 11.235 36.224 36.696 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1081 CA THR 142 10.040 36.379 35.849 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1082 C THR 142 9.939 35.281 34.801 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1083 O THR 142 8.855 34.740 34.509 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1084 CB THR 142 10.039 37.761 35.183 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1085 OG1 THR 142 10.103 38.782 36.209 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1086 CG2 THR 142 8.765 37.975 34.368 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1087 N LEU 143 11.062 34.879 34.219 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1088 CA LEU 143 11.141 33.883 33.162 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1089 C LEU 143 11.091 32.465 33.716 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1090 O LEU 143 11.213 31.511 32.929 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1091 CB LEU 143 12.399 34.141 32.316 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1092 CG LEU 143 12.542 35.476 31.554 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1093 CD1 LEU 143 13.931 35.629 30.959 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1094 CD2 LEU 143 11.456 35.618 30.506 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1095 N GLY 144 10.933 32.283 35.017 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1096 CA GLY 144 10.799 30.967 35.607 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1097 C GLY 144 12.115 30.325 35.994 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1098 O GLY 144 12.126 29.090 36.190 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1099 N VAL 145 13.187 31.091 36.089 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1100 CA VAL 145 14.462 30.502 36.559 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1101 C VAL 145 14.239 30.404 38.062 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1102 O VAL 145 14.262 31.423 38.755 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1103 CB VAL 145 15.659 31.390 36.222 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1104 CG1 VAL 145 16.949 30.769 36.795 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1105 CG2 VAL 145 15.822 31.635 34.727 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1106 N LYS 146 13.886 29.268 38.639 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1107 CA LYS 146 13.577 29.208 40.048 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1108 C LYS 146 14.752 28.799 40.934 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1109 O LYS 146 14.616 29.051 42.125 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1110 CB LYS 146 12.466 28.193 40.293 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1111 CG LYS 146 11.159 28.718 39.711 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1112 CD LYS 146 10.034 27.738 40.022 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1113 CE LYS 146 8.741 28.225 39.376 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1114 NZ LYS 146 7.646 27.306 39.715 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1115 N GLN 147 15.787 28.256 40.334 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1116 CA GLN 147 16.964 27.888 41.155 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1117 C GLN 147 17.990 29.020 41.119 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1118 O GLN 147 18.199 29.657 40.079 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1119 CB GLN 147 17.594 26.631 40.570 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1120 CG GLN 147 16.591 25.449 40.562 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1121 CD GLN 147 17.240 24.152 40.203 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1122 OE1 GLN 147 18.120 23.638 40.897 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1123 NE2 GLN 147 16.840 23.605 39.050 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1124 N MET 148 18.561 29.252 42.289 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1125 CA MET 148 19.544 30.312 42.454 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1126 C MET 148 20.628 29.844 43.423 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1127 O MET 148 20.382 29.108 44.371 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1128 CB MET 148 18.870 31.562 43.010 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1129 CG MET 148 17.910 32.129 41.971 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1130 SD MET 148 18.831 32.696 40.519 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1131 CE MET 148 19.672 34.102 41.218 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1132 N VAL 149 21.866 30.199 43.065 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1133 CA VAL 149 23.014 29.986 43.969 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1134 C VAL 149 23.604 31.360 44.199 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1135 O VAL 149 23.753 32.136 43.221 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1136 CB VAL 149 24.024 29.051 43.313 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1137 CG1 VAL 149 25.342 29.108 44.079 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1138 CG2 VAL 149 23.487 27.624 43.334 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1139 N VAL 150 24.019 31.658 45.428 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1140 CA VAL 150 24.706 32.930 45.690 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1141 C VAL 150 26.158 32.627 46.035 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1142 O VAL 150 26.374 31.762 46.902 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1143 CB VAL 150 24.072 33.699 46.868 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1144 CG1 VAL 150 24.969 34.887 47.280 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1145 CG2 VAL 150 22.713 34.268 46.399 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1146 N CYS 151 27.131 33.302 45.422 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1147 CA CYS 151 28.535 33.135 45.812 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1148 C CYS 151 29.003 34.476 46.349 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1149 O CYS 151 28.876 35.476 45.628 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1150 CB CYS 151 29.364 32.721 44.601 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1151 SG CYS 151 29.137 31.020 44.026 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1152 N CYS 152 29.525 34.518 47.570 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1153 CA CYS 152 30.016 35.758 48.158 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1154 C CYS 152 31.523 35.803 47.870 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1155 O CYS 152 32.229 35.033 48.492 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1156 CB CYS 152 29.748 35.762 49.659 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1157 SG CYS 152 28.024 36.000 50.158 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1158 N ASN 153 31.879 36.610 46.871 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1159 CA ASN 153 33.267 36.656 46.406 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1160 C ASN 153 34.073 37.684 47.162 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1161 O ASN 153 33.544 38.500 47.939 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1162 CB ASN 153 33.230 36.981 44.905 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1163 CG ASN 153 34.526 36.631 44.199 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1164 OD1 ASN 153 35.378 35.889 44.700 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1165 ND2 ASN 153 34.693 37.237 43.013 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1166 N LYS 154 35.391 37.675 46.934 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1167 CA LYS 154 36.297 38.654 47.545 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1168 C LYS 154 36.331 38.439 49.064 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1169 O LYS 154 36.578 39.371 49.834 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1170 CB LYS 154 35.949 40.114 47.285 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1171 CG LYS 154 35.502 40.618 45.942 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1172 CD LYS 154 36.512 40.595 44.845 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1173 CE LYS 154 36.047 41.282 43.575 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1174 NZ LYS 154 36.349 42.748 43.518 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1175 N MET 155 36.207 37.195 49.515 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1176 CA MET 155 36.228 36.926 50.956 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1177 C MET 155 37.604 37.243 51.514 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1178 O MET 155 37.670 37.630 52.677 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1179 CB MET 155 35.782 35.519 51.327 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1180 CG MET 155 34.263 35.305 51.205 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1181 SD MET 155 33.295 36.371 52.264 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1182 CE MET 155 33.822 35.835 53.891 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1183 N ASP 156 38.669 37.148 50.717 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1184 CA ASP 156 39.984 37.540 51.257 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1185 C ASP 156 40.032 38.990 51.696 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1186 O ASP 156 40.675 39.369 52.699 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1187 CB ASP 156 41.025 37.464 50.123 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1188 CG ASP 156 41.210 36.043 49.667 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1189 OD1 ASP 156 41.356 35.233 50.604 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1190 OD2 ASP 156 41.210 35.754 48.459 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1191 N THR 159 39.349 39.858 50.962 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1192 CA THR 159 39.386 41.303 51.242 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1193 C THR 159 38.742 41.655 52.571 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1194 O THR 159 38.928 42.777 53.058 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1195 CB THR 159 38.641 42.062 50.149 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1196 OG1 THR 159 39.412 42.042 48.945 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1197 CG2 THR 159 38.427 43.506 50.590 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1198 N VAL 160 37.938 40.770 53.134 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1199 CA VAL 160 37.302 40.958 54.424 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1200 C VAL 160 37.815 39.914 55.399 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1201 O VAL 160 37.174 39.569 56.386 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1202 CB VAL 160 35.790 40.816 54.283 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1203 CG1 VAL 160 35.162 40.667 55.665 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1204 CG2 VAL 160 35.223 42.055 53.599 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1205 N THR 161 39.019 39.411 55.123 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1206 CA THR 161 39.730 38.470 55.973 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1207 C THR 161 38.982 37.234 56.370 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1208 O THR 161 39.105 36.669 57.466 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1209 CB THR 161 40.128 39.149 57.279 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1210 OG1 THR 161 41.186 40.078 57.030 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1211 CG2 THR 161 40.602 38.096 58.275 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1212 N TYR 162 38.085 36.725 55.481 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1213 CA TYR 162 37.296 35.540 55.775 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1214 C TYR 162 36.563 35.679 57.115 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1215 O TYR 162 36.422 34.708 57.839 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1216 CB TYR 162 38.203 34.316 55.847 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1217 CG TYR 162 37.375 33.092 56.150 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1218 CD1 TYR 162 36.606 32.499 55.142 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1219 CD2 TYR 162 37.377 32.547 57.440 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1220 CE1 TYR 162 35.839 31.362 55.423 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1221 CE2 TYR 162 36.608 31.411 57.722 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1222 CZ TYR 162 35.840 30.819 56.713 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1223 OH TYR 162 35.093 29.714 56.988 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1224 N ALA 163 36.039 36.865 57.388 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1225 CA ALA 163 35.347 37.067 58.672 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1226 C ALA 163 33.948 36.485 58.650 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1227 O ALA 163 33.185 36.816 57.747 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1228 CB ALA 163 35.291 38.554 59.001 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1229 N GLN 164 33.634 35.657 59.644 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1230 CA GLN 164 32.340 34.994 59.705 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1231 C GLN 164 31.191 35.973 59.856 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1232 O GLN 164 30.186 35.842 59.166 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1233 CB GLN 164 32.301 34.042 60.896 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1234 CG GLN 164 33.240 32.869 60.642 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1235 CD GLN 164 32.676 31.934 59.582 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1236 OE1 GLN 164 31.594 32.174 59.051 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1237 NE2 GLN 164 33.415 30.866 59.274 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1238 N SER 165 31.353 36.980 60.738 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1239 CA SER 165 30.249 37.921 60.919 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1240 C SER 165 29.918 38.659 59.634 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1241 O SER 165 28.751 38.850 59.289 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1242 CB SER 165 30.617 38.955 61.977 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1243 OG SER 165 30.609 38.341 63.268 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1244 N ARG 166 30.935 39.082 58.902 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1245 CA ARG 166 30.785 39.751 57.635 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1246 C ARG 166 30.037 38.857 56.641 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1247 O ARG 166 29.099 39.338 55.991 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1248 CB ARG 166 32.130 40.232 57.086 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1249 CG ARG 166 31.945 40.996 55.775 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1250 CD ARG 166 31.124 42.281 55.948 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1251 NE ARG 166 30.932 42.866 54.618 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1252 CZ ARG 166 29.936 43.679 54.299 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1253 NH1 ARG 166 29.019 44.005 55.205 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1254 NH2 ARG 166 29.851 44.124 53.052 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1255 N TYR 167 30.418 37.593 56.596 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1256 CA TYR 167 29.703 36.661 55.688 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1257 C TYR 167 28.249 36.543 56.122 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1258 O TYR 167 27.348 36.586 55.261 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1259 CB TYR 167 30.357 35.285 55.738 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1260 CG TYR 167 29.626 34.345 54.811 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1261 CD1 TYR 167 29.829 34.426 53.428 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1262 CD2 TYR 167 28.743 33.393 55.333 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1263 CE1 TYR 167 29.151 33.554 52.568 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1264 CE2 TYR 167 28.063 32.521 54.473 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1265 CZ TYR 167 28.268 32.602 53.091 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1266 OH TYR 167 27.607 31.754 52.256 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1267 N ASP 168 28.007 36.389 57.419 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1268 CA ASP 168 26.626 36.277 57.903 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1269 C ASP 168 25.797 37.518 57.599 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1270 O ASP 168 24.612 37.326 57.256 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1271 CB ASP 168 26.621 36.074 59.414 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1272 CG ASP 168 27.110 34.666 59.742 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1273 OD1 ASP 168 26.507 33.705 59.193 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1274 OD2 ASP 168 28.082 34.563 60.537 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1275 N GLU 169 26.378 38.719 57.795 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1276 CA GLU 169 25.614 39.934 57.499 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1277 C GLU 169 25.355 40.059 55.997 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1278 O GLU 169 24.252 40.481 55.600 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1279 CB GLU 169 26.340 41.187 57.997 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1280 CG GLU 169 26.477 41.275 59.530 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1281 CD GLU 169 25.140 41.157 60.248 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1282 OE1 GLU 169 24.155 41.752 59.744 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1283 OE2 GLU 169 25.029 40.451 61.280 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1284 N ILE 170 26.338 39.608 55.188 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1285 CA ILE 170 26.048 39.653 53.732 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1286 C ILE 170 24.949 38.679 53.395 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1287 O ILE 170 24.101 38.987 52.540 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1288 CB ILE 170 27.346 39.315 52.963 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1289 CG1 ILE 170 28.336 40.483 53.054 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1290 CG2 ILE 170 27.042 39.033 51.486 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1291 CD1 ILE 170 29.760 40.050 52.699 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1292 N SER 171 24.896 37.498 53.995 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1293 CA SER 171 23.882 36.480 53.718 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1294 C SER 171 22.522 37.056 54.099 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1295 O SER 171 21.575 36.904 53.373 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1296 CB SER 171 24.168 35.226 54.538 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1297 OG SER 171 25.314 34.559 54.005 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1298 N LYS 172 22.444 37.710 55.264 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1299 CA LYS 172 21.170 38.315 55.676 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1300 C LYS 172 20.716 39.389 54.694 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1301 O LYS 172 19.532 39.366 54.272 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1302 CB LYS 172 21.336 39.013 57.046 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1303 CG LYS 172 21.285 38.137 58.265 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1304 CD LYS 172 21.731 38.876 59.551 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1305 CE LYS 172 21.204 40.296 59.624 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1306 NZ LYS 172 21.590 41.066 60.850 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1307 N GLU 173 21.613 40.305 54.345 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1308 CA GLU 173 21.242 41.386 53.428 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1309 C GLU 173 20.916 40.861 52.036 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1310 O GLU 173 19.979 41.389 51.418 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1311 CB GLU 173 22.325 42.473 53.363 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1312 CG GLU 173 22.412 43.258 54.665 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1313 CD GLU 173 23.325 44.444 54.698 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1314 OE1 GLU 173 23.153 45.373 53.869 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1315 OE2 GLU 173 24.250 44.457 55.555 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1316 N VAL 174 21.691 39.887 51.565 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1317 CA VAL 174 21.392 39.334 50.237 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1318 C VAL 174 20.099 38.536 50.228 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1319 O VAL 174 19.373 38.497 49.208 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1320 CB VAL 174 22.519 38.407 49.795 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1321 CG1 VAL 174 22.057 37.577 48.601 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1322 CG2 VAL 174 23.734 39.237 49.395 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1323 N GLY 175 19.743 37.894 51.336 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1324 CA GLY 175 18.489 37.148 51.469 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1325 C GLY 175 17.330 38.150 51.363 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1326 O GLY 175 16.374 37.828 50.664 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1327 N ALA 176 17.514 39.323 51.967 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1328 CA ALA 176 16.453 40.343 51.802 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1329 C ALA 176 16.335 40.775 50.342 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1330 O ALA 176 15.240 40.822 49.776 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1331 CB ALA 176 16.747 41.544 52.692 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1332 N TYR 177 17.472 41.072 49.707 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1333 CA TYR 177 17.516 41.456 48.290 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1334 C TYR 177 16.811 40.444 47.426 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1335 O TYR 177 15.996 40.847 46.569 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1336 CB TYR 177 18.965 41.559 47.825 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1337 CG TYR 177 19.001 41.956 46.370 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1338 CD1 TYR 177 18.757 43.283 45.999 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1339 CD2 TYR 177 19.279 40.996 45.389 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1340 CE1 TYR 177 18.791 43.652 44.649 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1341 CE2 TYR 177 19.311 41.364 44.038 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1342 CZ TYR 177 19.068 42.692 43.669 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1343 OH TYR 177 19.100 43.049 42.356 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1344 N LEU 178 17.134 39.151 47.590 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1345 CA LEU 178 16.561 38.157 46.676 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1346 C LEU 178 15.109 37.850 47.006 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1347 O LEU 178 14.381 37.463 46.105 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1348 CB LEU 178 17.350 36.855 46.764 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1349 CG LEU 178 18.700 37.029 46.076 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1350 CD1 LEU 178 19.467 38.166 46.745 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1351 CD2 LEU 178 19.500 35.738 46.191 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1352 N LYS 179 14.719 38.003 48.273 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1353 CA LYS 179 13.317 37.773 48.656 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1354 C LYS 179 12.407 38.823 48.033 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1355 O LYS 179 11.273 38.505 47.618 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1356 CB LYS 179 13.239 37.832 50.196 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1357 CG LYS 179 11.849 37.465 50.724 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1358 CD LYS 179 11.867 37.351 52.257 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1359 CE LYS 179 10.492 36.860 52.717 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1360 NZ LYS 179 9.385 37.548 51.997 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1361 N ARG 180 12.903 40.064 47.969 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1362 CA ARG 180 12.121 41.142 47.349 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1363 C ARG 180 11.968 40.862 45.862 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1364 O ARG 180 10.924 41.130 45.290 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1365 CB ARG 180 12.833 42.476 47.542 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1366 CG ARG 180 13.142 42.679 49.021 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1367 CD ARG 180 13.787 44.046 49.223 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1368 NE ARG 180 14.296 44.193 50.605 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1369 CZ ARG 180 14.988 45.254 51.013 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1370 NH1 ARG 180 15.274 46.266 50.198 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1371 NH2 ARG 180 15.397 45.284 52.278 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1372 N VAL 181 12.974 40.262 45.222 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1373 CA VAL 181 12.809 39.863 43.807 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1374 C VAL 181 11.782 38.734 43.771 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1375 O VAL 181 10.849 38.710 42.967 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1376 CB VAL 181 14.143 39.387 43.244 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1377 CG1 VAL 181 13.907 38.660 41.923 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1378 CG2 VAL 181 15.055 40.585 43.007 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1379 N GLY 182 11.899 37.722 44.678 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1380 CA GLY 182 10.904 36.679 44.738 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1381 C GLY 182 11.444 35.320 45.163 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1382 O GLY 182 10.649 34.400 45.399 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1383 N TYR 183 12.774 35.184 45.193 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1384 CA TYR 183 13.330 33.866 45.529 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1385 C TYR 183 13.182 33.542 47.012 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1386 O TYR 183 13.155 34.446 47.819 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1387 CB TYR 183 14.838 33.904 45.226 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1388 CG TYR 183 15.111 33.978 43.735 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1389 CD1 TYR 183 15.087 32.803 42.994 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1390 CD2 TYR 183 15.382 35.168 43.119 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1391 CE1 TYR 183 15.342 32.824 41.632 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1392 CE2 TYR 183 15.642 35.216 41.761 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1393 CZ TYR 183 15.628 34.036 41.037 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1394 OH TYR 183 15.888 34.135 39.683 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1395 N ASN 184 13.052 32.248 47.319 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1396 CA ASN 184 13.006 31.837 48.736 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1397 C ASN 184 14.432 31.543 49.169 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1398 O ASN 184 14.967 30.526 48.734 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1399 CB ASN 184 12.198 30.546 48.836 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1400 CG ASN 184 12.170 29.965 50.235 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1401 OD1 ASN 184 12.744 30.467 51.191 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1402 ND2 ASN 184 11.425 28.836 50.367 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1403 N PRO 185 15.009 32.320 50.071 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1404 CA PRO 185 16.395 32.133 50.474 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1405 C PRO 185 16.716 30.772 51.076 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1406 O PRO 185 17.860 30.326 50.979 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1407 CB PRO 185 16.679 33.273 51.429 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1408 CG PRO 185 15.633 34.308 51.150 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1409 CD PRO 185 14.433 33.545 50.659 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1410 N GLU 186 15.693 30.064 51.597 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1411 CA GLU 186 15.973 28.749 52.161 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1412 C GLU 186 16.337 27.722 51.108 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1413 O GLU 186 16.918 26.695 51.486 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1414 CB GLU 186 14.746 28.232 52.904 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1415 CG GLU 186 14.527 29.054 54.151 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1416 CD GLU 186 15.600 28.712 55.182 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1417 OE1 GLU 186 16.663 29.386 55.155 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1418 OE2 GLU 186 15.347 27.775 55.988 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1419 N LYS 187 16.013 27.961 49.844 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1420 CA LYS 187 16.299 27.070 48.758 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1421 C LYS 187 17.628 27.417 48.047 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1422 O LYS 187 17.937 26.798 47.030 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1423 CB LYS 187 15.182 27.140 47.722 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1424 CG LYS 187 13.912 26.528 48.299 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1425 CD LYS 187 12.818 26.530 47.238 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1426 CE LYS 187 11.525 25.986 47.838 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1427 NZ LYS 187 10.483 25.944 46.803 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1428 N VAL 188 18.327 28.422 48.567 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1429 CA VAL 188 19.528 28.941 47.927 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1430 C VAL 188 20.818 28.703 48.710 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1431 O VAL 188 21.031 29.242 49.820 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1432 CB VAL 188 19.367 30.484 47.761 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1433 CG1 VAL 188 20.590 31.188 47.168 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1434 CG2 VAL 188 18.143 30.830 46.914 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1435 N ARG 189 21.774 28.048 48.104 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1436 CA ARG 189 23.083 27.890 48.770 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1437 C ARG 189 23.834 29.224 48.813 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1438 O ARG 189 23.818 29.921 47.767 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1439 CB ARG 189 23.932 26.876 48.011 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1440 CG ARG 189 23.144 25.583 47.834 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1441 CD ARG 189 24.020 24.545 47.141 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1442 NE ARG 189 23.228 23.354 46.759 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1443 CZ ARG 189 23.733 22.344 46.055 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1444 NH1 ARG 189 24.997 22.335 45.640 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1445 NH2 ARG 189 22.932 21.322 45.767 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1446 N PHE 190 24.469 29.568 49.920 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1447 CA PHE 190 25.354 30.731 49.995 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1448 C PHE 190 26.787 30.258 50.171 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1449 O PHE 190 27.048 29.607 51.198 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1450 CB PHE 190 24.894 31.632 51.155 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1451 CG PHE 190 23.580 32.326 50.914 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1452 CD1 PHE 190 22.377 31.701 51.209 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1453 CD2 PHE 190 23.580 33.621 50.392 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1454 CE1 PHE 190 21.184 32.405 50.941 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1455 CE2 PHE 190 22.396 34.304 50.167 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1456 CZ PHE 190 21.197 33.702 50.455 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1457 N ILE 191 27.598 30.531 49.123 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1458 CA ILE 191 28.974 29.981 49.204 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1459 C ILE 191 29.984 31.105 49.280 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1460 O ILE 191 30.051 31.937 48.372 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1461 CB ILE 191 29.268 29.135 47.970 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1462 CG1 ILE 191 28.393 27.887 47.989 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1463 CG2 ILE 191 30.738 28.726 47.973 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1464 CD1 ILE 191 28.507 27.164 46.650 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1465 N PRO 192 30.830 31.138 50.306 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1466 CA PRO 192 31.893 32.126 50.413 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1467 C PRO 192 33.058 31.666 49.548 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1468 O PRO 192 33.458 30.488 49.627 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1469 CB PRO 192 32.278 32.103 51.892 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1470 CG PRO 192 31.950 30.709 52.337 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1471 CD PRO 192 30.834 30.193 51.449 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1472 N ILE 193 33.454 32.496 48.588 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1473 CA ILE 193 34.518 32.064 47.670 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1474 C ILE 193 35.564 33.148 47.512 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1475 O ILE 193 35.441 34.294 47.962 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1476 CB ILE 193 33.957 31.758 46.256 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1477 CG1 ILE 193 33.416 33.043 45.593 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1478 CG2 ILE 193 32.861 30.686 46.288 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1479 CD1 ILE 193 33.197 32.931 44.076 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1480 N SER 194 36.675 32.734 46.892 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1481 CA SER 194 37.632 33.687 46.351 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1482 C SER 194 37.853 33.266 44.898 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1483 O SER 194 38.471 32.220 44.630 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1484 CB SER 194 38.973 33.734 47.065 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1485 OG SER 194 39.853 34.606 46.314 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1486 N GLY 195 37.269 33.998 43.924 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1487 CA GLY 195 37.466 33.614 42.521 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1488 C GLY 195 38.929 33.766 42.095 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1489 O GLY 195 39.425 32.974 41.285 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1490 N TRP 196 39.663 34.663 42.703 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1491 CA TRP 196 41.045 34.924 42.375 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1492 C TRP 196 41.981 33.876 42.951 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1493 O TRP 196 42.976 33.503 42.309 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1494 CB TRP 196 41.433 36.294 42.982 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1495 CG TRP 196 42.662 36.807 42.287 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1496 CD1 TRP 196 43.963 36.611 42.668 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1497 CD2 TRP 196 42.696 37.582 41.084 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1498 NE1 TRP 196 44.803 37.203 41.758 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1499 CE2 TRP 196 44.055 37.830 40.793 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1500 CE3 TRP 196 41.718 38.109 40.242 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1501 CZ2 TRP 196 44.460 38.564 39.679 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1502 CZ3 TRP 196 42.121 38.840 39.129 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1503 CH2 TRP 196 43.482 39.064 38.865 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1504 N GLN 197 41.704 33.389 44.152 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1505 CA GLN 197 42.615 32.450 44.798 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1506 C GLN 197 42.083 31.019 44.811 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1507 O GLN 197 42.719 30.119 45.347 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1508 CB GLN 197 42.848 32.867 46.246 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1509 CG GLN 197 43.658 34.158 46.280 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1510 CD GLN 197 45.104 33.910 45.876 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1511 OE1 GLN 197 45.482 32.780 45.576 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1512 NE2 GLN 197 45.912 34.972 45.869 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1513 N GLY 198 40.890 30.796 44.296 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1514 CA GLY 198 40.333 29.461 44.189 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1515 C GLY 198 39.614 28.977 45.408 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1516 O GLY 198 39.080 27.865 45.312 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1517 N ASP 199 39.557 29.671 46.541 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1518 CA ASP 199 38.895 29.110 47.715 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1519 C ASP 199 37.438 28.767 47.441 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1520 O ASP 199 36.679 29.623 47.011 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1521 CB ASP 199 38.894 30.130 48.837 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1522 CG ASP 199 40.295 30.525 49.264 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1523 OD1 ASP 199 40.938 31.217 48.470 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1524 OD2 ASP 199 40.630 30.074 50.375 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1525 N ASN 200 37.056 27.544 47.772 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1526 CA ASN 200 35.707 27.027 47.643 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1527 C ASN 200 35.187 27.040 46.222 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1528 O ASN 200 33.976 27.096 45.994 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1529 CB ASN 200 34.734 27.816 48.556 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1530 CG ASN 200 34.835 27.319 49.986 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1531 OD1 ASN 200 35.284 26.199 50.240 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1532 ND2 ASN 200 34.404 28.148 50.941 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1533 N MET 201 36.061 27.054 45.216 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1534 CA MET 201 35.586 26.989 43.828 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1535 C MET 201 35.391 25.543 43.420 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1536 O MET 201 34.292 25.062 43.158 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1537 CB MET 201 36.540 27.748 42.884 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1538 CG MET 201 36.577 29.227 43.265 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1539 SD MET 201 35.126 30.040 42.508 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1540 CE MET 201 35.473 29.868 40.759 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1541 N ILE 202 36.522 24.824 43.375 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1542 CA ILE 202 36.554 23.411 43.048 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1543 C ILE 202 36.997 22.632 44.295 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1544 O ILE 202 36.549 21.486 44.456 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1545 CB ILE 202 37.537 23.165 41.909 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1546 CG1 ILE 202 37.006 23.804 40.631 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1547 CG2 ILE 202 37.700 21.663 41.695 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1548 CD1 ILE 202 38.087 23.770 39.556 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1549 N GLU 203 37.863 23.233 45.093 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1550 CA GLU 203 38.296 22.588 46.339 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1551 C GLU 203 37.920 23.465 47.535 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1552 O GLU 203 37.905 24.694 47.446 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1553 CB GLU 203 39.840 22.442 46.283 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1554 CG GLU 203 40.220 21.492 45.138 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1555 CD GLU 203 41.706 21.617 44.839 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1556 OE1 GLU 203 42.411 21.320 45.834 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1557 OE2 GLU 203 42.061 22.023 43.710 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1558 N ARG 204 37.697 22.845 48.696 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1559 CA ARG 204 37.302 23.615 49.877 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1560 C ARG 204 38.403 24.521 50.375 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1561 O ARG 204 39.594 24.178 50.300 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1562 CB ARG 204 36.931 22.668 51.013 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1563 CG ARG 204 35.890 21.668 50.524 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1564 CD ARG 204 35.465 20.770 51.680 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1565 NE ARG 204 34.621 19.653 51.200 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1566 CZ ARG 204 34.198 18.672 51.994 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1567 NH1 ARG 204 34.510 18.626 53.286 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1568 NH2 ARG 204 33.442 17.717 51.458 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1569 N SER 205 38.010 25.637 50.986 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1570 CA SER 205 38.959 26.578 51.560 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1571 C SER 205 39.609 26.056 52.852 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1572 O SER 205 38.977 25.261 53.543 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1573 CB SER 205 38.252 27.887 51.896 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1574 OG SER 205 37.940 28.584 50.689 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1575 N ASP 206 40.804 26.573 53.134 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1576 CA ASP 206 41.469 26.349 54.414 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1577 C ASP 206 41.595 27.687 55.145 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1578 O ASP 206 42.325 27.833 56.132 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1579 CB ASP 206 42.856 25.759 54.182 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1580 CG ASP 206 42.723 24.310 53.718 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1581 OD1 ASP 206 42.058 23.530 54.451 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1582 OD2 ASP 206 43.286 23.997 52.635 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1583 N ASN 207 40.899 28.740 54.722 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1584 CA ASN 207 41.011 30.052 55.326 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1585 C ASN 207 39.846 30.398 56.242 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1586 O ASN 207 39.755 31.540 56.703 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1587 CB ASN 207 41.105 31.102 54.213 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1588 CG ASN 207 42.437 31.168 53.506 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1589 OD1 ASN 207 42.572 31.108 52.266 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1590 ND2 ASN 207 43.497 31.309 54.289 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1591 N MET 208 38.960 29.426 56.462 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1592 CA MET 208 37.762 29.718 57.265 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1593 C MET 208 37.330 28.530 58.083 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1594 O MET 208 36.412 27.756 57.775 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1595 CB MET 208 36.607 30.107 56.349 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1596 CG MET 208 36.916 31.439 55.675 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1597 SD MET 208 36.997 32.756 56.915 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1598 CE MET 208 35.283 32.840 57.389 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1599 N PRO 209 37.928 28.315 59.262 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1600 CA PRO 209 37.628 27.152 60.058 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1601 C PRO 209 36.173 27.166 60.513 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1602 O PRO 209 35.649 26.083 60.751 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1603 CB PRO 209 38.623 27.141 61.206 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1604 CG PRO 209 39.679 28.118 60.794 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1605 CD PRO 209 39.095 29.075 59.780 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1606 N TRP 210 35.523 28.324 60.590 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1607 CA TRP 210 34.130 28.397 60.991 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1608 C TRP 210 33.180 27.870 59.915 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1609 O TRP 210 32.011 27.668 60.227 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1610 CB TRP 210 33.739 29.857 61.259 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1611 CG TRP 210 34.082 30.810 60.137 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1612 CD1 TRP 210 35.212 31.589 60.059 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1613 CD2 TRP 210 33.300 31.125 58.977 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1614 NE1 TRP 210 35.173 32.365 58.916 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1615 CE2 TRP 210 34.030 32.060 58.222 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1616 CE3 TRP 210 32.067 30.672 58.502 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1617 CZ2 TRP 210 33.565 32.610 57.013 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1618 CZ3 TRP 210 31.601 31.179 57.291 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1619 CH2 TRP 210 32.329 32.149 56.580 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1620 N TYR 211 33.636 27.841 58.673 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1621 CA TYR 211 32.757 27.446 57.577 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1622 C TYR 211 32.425 25.974 57.600 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1623 O TYR 211 33.309 25.133 57.438 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1624 CB TYR 211 33.426 27.749 56.241 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1625 CG TYR 211 32.510 27.340 55.114 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1626 CD1 TYR 211 31.410 28.139 54.779 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1627 CD2 TYR 211 32.759 26.160 54.402 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1628 CE1 TYR 211 30.561 27.760 53.733 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1629 CE2 TYR 211 31.909 25.780 53.357 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1630 CZ TYR 211 30.810 26.580 53.023 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1631 OH TYR 211 29.985 26.209 52.006 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1632 N LYS 212 31.130 25.683 57.731 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1633 CA LYS 212 30.725 24.277 57.774 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1634 C LYS 212 30.138 23.817 56.438 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1635 O LYS 212 29.741 22.657 56.377 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1636 CB LYS 212 29.652 24.078 58.854 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1637 CG LYS 212 30.121 24.330 60.278 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1638 CD LYS 212 29.919 25.774 60.713 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1639 CE LYS 212 30.542 25.959 62.104 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1640 NZ LYS 212 30.860 27.363 62.498 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1641 N GLY 213 30.042 24.714 55.457 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1642 CA GLY 213 29.474 24.366 54.165 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1643 C GLY 213 28.190 25.163 53.928 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1644 O GLY 213 27.728 25.961 54.764 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1645 N PRO 214 30.384 21.968 50.119 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1646 CA PRO 214 31.323 23.006 50.495 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1647 C PRO 214 31.609 24.012 49.363 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1648 O PRO 214 31.814 25.200 49.551 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1649 CB PRO 214 32.497 22.138 50.781 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1650 CG PRO 214 32.294 20.881 49.969 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1651 CD PRO 214 31.066 20.588 49.778 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1652 N THR 215 31.771 23.481 48.162 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1653 CA THR 215 32.243 24.351 47.060 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1654 C THR 215 31.172 24.843 46.107 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1655 O THR 215 30.056 24.326 46.061 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1656 CB THR 215 33.274 23.602 46.206 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1657 OG1 THR 215 32.611 22.531 45.516 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1658 CG2 THR 215 34.348 23.000 47.094 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1659 N LEU 216 31.581 25.822 45.285 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1660 CA LEU 216 30.658 26.333 44.256 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1661 C LEU 216 30.425 25.258 43.207 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1662 O LEU 216 29.298 25.130 42.692 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1663 CB LEU 216 31.278 27.623 43.665 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1664 CG LEU 216 30.391 28.245 42.582 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1665 CD1 LEU 216 29.018 28.680 43.046 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1666 CD2 LEU 216 31.149 29.464 42.026 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1667 N LEU 217 31.467 24.462 42.877 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1668 CA LEU 217 31.282 23.400 41.907 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1669 C LEU 217 30.275 22.375 42.469 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1670 O LEU 217 29.426 21.901 41.700 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1671 CB LEU 217 32.580 22.705 41.500 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1672 CG LEU 217 32.479 21.855 40.217 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1673 CD1 LEU 217 32.304 22.749 39.008 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1674 CD2 LEU 217 33.717 20.972 40.130 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1675 N ASP 218 30.300 22.097 43.762 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1676 CA ASP 218 29.288 21.186 44.320 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1677 C ASP 218 27.901 21.813 44.250 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1678 O ASP 218 26.941 21.060 44.010 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1679 CB ASP 218 29.613 20.881 45.778 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1680 CG ASP 218 30.832 19.964 45.849 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1681 OD1 ASP 218 30.779 18.885 45.200 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1682 OD2 ASP 218 31.806 20.352 46.548 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1683 N ALA 219 27.794 23.128 44.472 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1684 CA ALA 219 26.462 23.767 44.407 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1685 C ALA 219 25.920 23.670 42.975 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1686 O ALA 219 24.738 23.386 42.778 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1687 CB ALA 219 26.541 25.202 44.874 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1688 N LEU 220 26.770 23.844 41.965 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1689 CA LEU 220 26.293 23.714 40.580 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1690 C LEU 220 25.938 22.278 40.257 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1691 O LEU 220 24.905 22.025 39.628 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1692 CB LEU 220 27.380 24.172 39.613 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1693 CG LEU 220 27.497 25.692 39.660 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1694 CD1 LEU 220 27.828 26.130 41.083 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1695 CD2 LEU 220 28.603 26.147 38.716 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1696 N ASP 221 26.698 21.295 40.747 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1697 CA ASP 221 26.379 19.886 40.498 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1698 C ASP 221 25.055 19.523 41.165 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1699 O ASP 221 24.372 18.581 40.760 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1700 CB ASP 221 27.497 19.003 41.046 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1701 CG ASP 221 27.463 17.593 40.483 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1702 OD1 ASP 221 27.353 17.484 39.248 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1703 OD2 ASP 221 27.524 16.630 41.301 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1704 N MET 222 24.705 20.250 42.223 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1705 CA MET 222 23.474 20.015 42.970 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1706 C MET 222 22.242 20.635 42.344 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1707 O MET 222 21.108 20.421 42.828 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1708 CB MET 222 23.600 20.598 44.373 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1709 CG MET 222 24.645 19.815 45.159 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1710 SD MET 222 24.088 18.111 45.406 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1711 CE MET 222 22.741 18.387 46.536 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1712 N LEU 223 22.416 21.405 41.248 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1713 CA LEU 223 21.241 21.947 40.541 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1714 C LEU 223 20.331 20.786 40.188 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1715 O LEU 223 20.769 19.700 39.804 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1716 CB LEU 223 21.686 22.668 39.273 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1717 CG LEU 223 22.345 23.992 39.644 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1718 CD1 LEU 223 23.539 23.726 40.554 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1719 CD2 LEU 223 22.816 24.698 38.378 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1720 N GLU 224 19.016 21.027 40.313 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1721 CA GLU 224 18.065 19.951 40.053 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1722 C GLU 224 17.797 19.793 38.574 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1723 O GLU 224 17.604 20.803 37.921 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1724 CB GLU 224 16.742 20.249 40.749 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1725 CG GLU 224 16.922 20.138 42.244 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1726 CD GLU 224 17.076 18.668 42.631 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1727 OE1 GLU 224 18.243 18.196 42.648 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1728 OE2 GLU 224 16.023 18.031 42.904 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1729 N PRO 225 17.779 18.540 38.162 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1730 CA PRO 225 17.508 18.158 36.791 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1731 C PRO 225 16.106 18.566 36.353 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1732 O PRO 225 15.124 17.995 36.802 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1733 CB PRO 225 17.650 16.685 36.949 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1734 CG PRO 225 17.360 16.391 38.401 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1735 CD PRO 225 17.667 17.347 39.189 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1736 N PRO 226 16.017 19.531 35.463 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1737 CA PRO 226 14.748 19.985 34.908 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1738 C PRO 226 14.204 19.036 33.848 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1739 O PRO 226 14.946 18.320 33.178 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1740 CB PRO 226 15.126 21.348 34.336 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1741 CG PRO 226 16.534 21.153 33.863 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1742 CD PRO 226 17.183 20.226 34.858 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1743 N VAL 227 12.895 18.926 33.699 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1744 CA VAL 227 12.260 18.030 32.737 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1745 C VAL 227 12.210 18.650 31.349 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1746 O VAL 227 11.637 19.735 31.223 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1747 CB VAL 227 10.832 17.724 33.177 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1748 CG1 VAL 227 10.069 17.087 32.020 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1749 CG2 VAL 227 10.858 16.762 34.359 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1750 N ARG 228 12.761 17.982 30.333 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1751 CA ARG 228 12.747 18.551 28.984 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1752 C ARG 228 11.467 18.199 28.235 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1753 O ARG 228 10.909 17.113 28.410 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1754 CB ARG 228 13.962 18.112 28.178 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1755 CG ARG 228 15.314 18.448 28.787 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1756 CD ARG 228 15.485 19.921 29.138 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1757 NE ARG 228 16.790 20.182 29.750 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1758 CZ ARG 228 17.063 21.232 30.518 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1759 NH1 ARG 228 16.144 22.153 30.787 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1760 NH2 ARG 228 18.261 21.424 31.068 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1761 N PRO 229 11.043 19.071 27.331 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1762 CA PRO 229 9.797 18.917 26.608 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1763 C PRO 229 9.799 18.007 25.394 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1764 O PRO 229 9.104 18.283 24.420 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1765 CB PRO 229 9.464 20.366 26.195 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1766 CG PRO 229 10.811 20.968 25.962 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1767 CD PRO 229 11.670 20.398 27.074 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1768 N VAL 230 10.497 16.878 25.465 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1769 CA VAL 230 10.538 15.919 24.371 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1770 C VAL 230 9.175 15.357 24.000 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1771 O VAL 230 8.918 15.050 22.841 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1772 CB VAL 230 11.424 14.737 24.750 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1773 CG1 VAL 230 11.191 13.592 23.769 1.00 99.99 ATOM 1774 CG2 VAL 230 12.887 15.159 24.700 1.00 99.99 Analysis of Molecular Modeling of EF-1α

Comparison of models shows that the 3-D structures of EF-1α proteins from S. cerevisiae, L. donovani, Mus musculu and from Homo sapiens resemble each other closely. Aside from differences in irregular C-terminal loop regions, the only notable difference in the structures of the human and leishmania proteins is attributed to an isolated fragment corresponding to the twelve amino acid insertion in the H. sapien's protein sequence at position 214, that is missing from pathogen EF-1α. The structure of this fragment was identified as a hairpin motif comprised of two anti-parallel β strands each of which is four amino acids in length. L. donovani EF-1α has a proline residue at position 214 corresponding to point of insertion of the hairpin fold in the H. sapien's EF-1α. This proline likely stabilizes the backbone of the pathogen EF-1α by preserving local structural similarity. However, this proline “stitching” at the point of the deletion in the 3-D structure of the pathogen EF-1α does not compensate for a nearly 5.4A wide gap in the pathogen structure corresponding to the distance between top edges of the hairpin.

The indel sequence (hairpin from the human form), GWKVT²¹⁷RKDGNASGT (SEQ ID NO:26) was searched against the PROSITE™ database that contains information about protein motifs with defined functions. This analysis showed that human EF-1α contains consensus phosphorylation sites (PROSITE™ matches PS00005 and PS00006) for protenin kinase C (30) and casein kinase II (31) at threonine²¹⁷ in the hairpin loop. This shows that the hairpin loop present in human EF-1α proteins and from other higher eukaryotes but missing pn pathogen EF-1α, contributes to the observed differences in protein function and subcellular distribution.

The structure of EF-1α proteins from S. cerevisiae reveals that the hairpin is 20A long and is in close proximity to the main body of the human protein. The side chains of the hairpin form a complex network of hydrophobic and polar interactions involving the α-helix formed by amino acids 226-231, the β-strand formed by residues 233-236 and the low complexity region of amino acids 182-191 in the main body of the human protein. For example, Glu²¹⁵ in the hairpin reaches a proximity of 2A with the side chain of Leu¹⁸⁴ in the main part of the protein making possible the formation of hydrogen bonds between the residues.

The absence of the twelve residue hairpin in the structure of pathogen EF-1α provides the basis to design molecules capable of specifically binding to the indel complementarity region of the pathogen protein. This “unshielded” region of the pathogen EF-1α contains several highly polar residues such as Asp²¹⁸, Glu²²⁴, Met²²², Lys¹⁸⁷ and Arg¹⁸⁹ with their charged side chains pointed directly toward the predicted location of the missing hairpin. The bulky amino acids, Trp²¹⁰, Phe²¹¹, Trp²¹⁴ and Tyr²¹⁷ in the hairpin contribute to blocking an attacking reagent from reaching the corresponding structural region of the Homo sapien's homologue. Moieties that bind to the indel complementarity region may be used for identification or segregation of the pathogen protein or to block the area and remove the pathogenic (virulence) characteristic of the pathogen protein as is accomplished by the hairpin region in the human form.

Identification of Binding Moieties

Targeting sites on a pathogen protein may be identified by locating the regions of tight atomic packing. Once such regions are identified, sites that are “too exposed” to solvent may be filtered out. For example, sites that are on protrusions are unlikely to be good candidates as active sites.

In order to identify the cavities best suited for small molecule binding, the Analytic Connoly™ surface for the indel complementarity region on EF1-α of L. donovani was calculated using the MOE™ software. Connoly surfaces are identified according to local hydrophobicity. Other types of surfaces (Gauss-Connoly, Gauss accessible, interaction surface) were also computed to give more insight into properties of the indel complementarity region. The calculated surfaces show two pockets as potential binding sites. The first pocket is surrounded by residues: GLN164, TYR167, ASP168, ARG189, PHE190, ILE191, TRP210, TYR211, LYS212, GLY213, PRO214, THR215, ASP218, ALA219, MET222.

The first pocket is relatively large, C-shaped, with two distinct compartments. Both compartments have roughly similar size, very tightly packed and have deeply bured hydrophobic areas. One compartment is open ended and has additional hydrophobic areas formed by TRP210 and TYR167.

The second pocket is surrounded by residues: LYS146, GLN147, MET148, VAL149, LYS187, VAL188, ARG189, ALA199, LEU220, MET222, LEU223, GLU224. It is smaller and deeper than the first pocket; channel shaped; not very tightly packed and has less hydrophobic interior.

The “MultiFragment search” package of the MOE™ program may be used to identify small molecules capable of binding to a selected target with evaluation for energy of binding. For the smaller binding pocket (pocket 2) the top candidate binding moieties are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Name dU dE methyltetrazolium 16.55671 −13.1568 acetaldehyde −1.18469 −6.79805 methylsulfonate 10.27105 −5.99061 acetate ion 4.78712 −2.04924 5-methylimidazole −1.32273 −1.38834

The primary field in the Table is dE—interaction energy in kcal/mol (with solvent model) calculated as E(complex)—E(receptor)—E(fragment). The negative values of dE indicate favourable interaction of the molecular fragment with the protein. As it can be seen, only very small molecular fragments could effectively fit into the smaller pocket. The best is methyltetrazolium, whose nitrogens interact with the carboxylic group GLU224 and methyl group forms a hydrophobic contact with the side chain LYS187.

The best binding moieties for the larger pocket are (in order of highest affinity to lowest): 3-methylindole, benzene, phenol, 1,2-dimethylpyrrolidine, methylguanidinium, thiazole, n,n-dimethylacetamide, 2-butene, cyclohexane, butane, n-methylacetamide, isobutane, 2-butyne, methylamidinium, propane, 5-methylimidazole, ethylthiol, acetamide, N-methylformamide, propyne, dimethylether, ethane, piperidinium, methylthiol, ethanol, methylchloride, methylsulfonamide, acetaldehyde, methane, dimethylsulfone, methanol, acetonitrile, methylammonium, trimethylammonium and trifluoromethane.

3-methylindole binds into the larger pocket with extremely high kinetics. This compound fits perfectly between ARG189, THR215, and ASP218 and appears to mimic the side chain of tryptophan 212 of the human protein. The latter amino acid is located on the indel of the human homologue and knits perfectly with the Arg, Thr, and Asp pocket of the complementarity region.

Production of Peptides and Antibody Generation

The three-dimensional model of the leishmania identifies the peptide sequences that are normally concealed (indel complementarity region) by the hairpin loop (indel) present on human EF-1α. Using publicly available protein structure visualization programs, short peptide sequences derived from leishmania EF-1α were selected for development of antibodies. Three such sequences so identified are the above-described peptides labelled SEQ ID NO:1, 2, and 3.

Peptides were synthesized at the University of British Columbia Nucleic Acid and Protein Services laboratory using a Perkin Elmer peptide synthesizer. The synthesis was started with a resin column. The amino acid bound to the resin is protected and the first step of the protocol consists of washing the column with 20% v/v solution of piperidine/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in order to de-protect the C terminus residue. The next residue, an Fmoc protected L-amino acid was dissolved and delivered to the reaction vessel or column. The protocol for synthesis consisted of a number of cycles, each one performing the following operations: deprotection of previous residue with piperidine, washing the column or vessel with DMF, and attachment of the next residue. After synthesis, the peptides were cleaved from the column by the following steps: 1) resin washed with dichloromethane, 2) resin is dried, 3) TFA/Scavenger mixture of choice is added to extract the peptide from the resin, 4) supernatant removed, 5) diethyl ether added (at this point the peptide precipitates), 6) precipitate collected and peptide qualitatively analyzed then purified or freeze dried as desired.

Peptides prepared as described above were primed by first emulsifying with complete Freunds adjuvant and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to ensure high titers of peptide specific antibodies. For each peptide, 4 mice were injected intraperitoneally with the mixture (100 μg of peptide) using a 22-gauge needle. Mice were boosted 3 weeks later with a second intraperitoneal injection containing 50 μg of peptide with incomplete Freunds adjuvant. Mice were bled 7 days following the booster injection, with a total of 200 μl of blood collected. The blood was allowed to clot, after which the serum was transferred to a clean tube. Antibody titer was determined by spectroscopy, and mice with sufficient titer were boosted with a further 50 μg of peptide intraperitoneally.

The following protocol may be followed for subsequent work in preparation of monoclonal antibodies. Three days after the booster injection mice are sacrificed, spleen cells isolated, and seeded into 96 well plates at a titer of 10,000 cells per well. Transformed myeloma cells are incubated with the mice spleen cells, and fusion promoted with a polyethylene glycol mixture and centrifugation. Fused cells are then dispersed in culture plates under conditions that select for fusion cells. Following a 4 to 6 week incubation time, the medium in the culture wells is tested for immunogenicity to the desired antigen, and positive wells are subcloned to isolate specific antibody producing hybridomas. The individual hybridomas are expanded by culture, catalogue and frozen in liquid nitrogen for stable storage. Hybridoma cell lines may be thawed and grown in culture. Culture media may be collected and the desired antibody purified from the media by precipitation, followed by column chromatography. Antibodies may be tested for specificity using independent assay systems which determine: (1) whether they bind to the pathogen derived antigen but not the host protein, (2) whether they interfere with the function of pathogen EF-1α in in vitro translation assays, (3) whether they block the interaction of pathogen EF-1α with SHP-1 in vitro, and (4) whether upon introduction into leishmania infected macrophages, they affect parasite viability.

Peptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and 3 generated polyclonal sera in mice that is specific for the detection of protozoal pathogen EF-1α with absolutely no detection of the host macrophage EF-1α. In the case of SEQ ID NO:3, serum from immunized mice yielded a high titre of polyclonal antibody, that once diluted 1 in 5000 fold, was able to clearly detect the leishmania EF-1α-protein, and displayed no other cross reactivity from total cell lysate or mammalian EF-1α. These antibodies are particularly suitable for use in a diagnostic test for Leishmaniasis. First, peripheral blood monocytes are isolated from individuals who are suspected of suffering from Leishmaniasis by withdrawing a small amount of blood, the monocytes are subjected to a simple lysis step, and the presence of leishmania EF-1α is detected by standard ELISA assay.

Confocal microscopy of macrophage infected with leishmania and probed with EF-1α antibodies showed the leishmania promastigote within macrophage vacuoles. Macrophage probed with a leishmania specific anti-EF-1α antibody shows that leishmania EF-1α leaves the vaculuolar bound protozoal parasite and is found within the macrophage cytoplasm. Macrophages not infected and probed with the leishmania specific anti-EF-1α shows no cross-reactivity. Immunofluorescence results from a species non-specific anti-EF-1α indicates the distribution of macrophage EF-1α throughout the macrophage cytoplasm. This shows that the leishmania specific anti-EF-1α antibody serves to diagnose humans infected with leishmania.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that changes and modification may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as described and claimed herein. All patents, patent applications and publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

REFERENCES

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1. A method for testing a compound for specific binding to a pathogen protein, comprising: a) selecting a protein conserved between a pathogen and a host to the pathogen b) identifying an indel in the conserved protein, wherein the pathogen protein has an indel not present in the host protein and c) contacting a compound to be tested with each of the pathogen protein and the host protein to compare binding; wherein binding of the compound to the pathogen protein and the absence or reduced binding of the compound to the host protein is indicative of the compound being capable of said specific binding to the pathogen protein.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pathogen protein and the host protein of the pair have 70% sequence identity or more.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the host protein and the pathogen protein are proteins for which absence thereof affects viability of both host and pathogen respectively.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pathogen is selected from virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the host is an animal.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the host is a mammal.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the host is human.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the indel is 6 consecutive amino acids.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the indel is 10 consecutive amino acids.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the indel is 15 consecutive amino acids.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the indel is 20 consecutive amino acids.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the indel is 25 consecutive amino acids.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound being capable of said specific binding exhibits no detectable binding to the host protein.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is an antibody or antibody fragment.
 15. The method of claim 1, further comprising joining the provided compound to a moiety for use as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent specific for the pathogen form.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the moiety is a ligand or a label.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the moiety antagonizes a function of the pathogen form.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the host protein is EF1-α.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the host is a plant.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the indel is 4 consecutive amino acids.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound being capable of said specific binding exhibits disruption of pathogen protein function. 